Unified Exam — History of Armenia (Armenia)

Which Urartian king founded the fortress-city of Erebuni (the historic predecessor of modern Yerevan) in 782 BC, as recorded in a cuneiform stone inscription?

• AArgishti I (Արգիշտի Ա)
• BMenua (Մենուա)
• CRusa I (Ռուսա Ա)
• DSarduri I (Սարդուրի Ա)

Which treaty concluded after the Battle of Magnesia recognized Artaxias I (Artashes I) as the independent King of Greater Armenia, founding the Artaxiad Dynasty?

• APeace of Apamea (Ապամեայի հաշտություն)
• BTreaty of Rhandeia
• CTreaty of Nisibis
• DTreaty of Acilisene

During the reign of which king did the Kingdom of Greater Armenia reach its greatest territorial extent, stretching 'from sea to sea' (from the Caspian to the Mediterranean and Black Seas)?

• ATigranes II the Great (Տիգրան Բ Մեծ, 95–55 BC)
• BArtavasdes II (Արտավազդ Բ)
• CArtaxias I (Արտաշես Ա)
• DTiridates I (Տրդատ Ա)

In what year did King Tiridates III (Trdat III the Great) proclaim Christianity as the official state religion of Armenia through the preaching of Saint Gregory the Illuminator?

• A301 AD (according to official Armenian national and ecclesiastical tradition)
• B313 AD (Edict of Milan in Rome)
• C325 AD (First Council of Nicaea)
• D387 AD (First Partition of Armenia)

Who created the Armenian alphabet in 405 AD with the blessing of Catholicos Sahak Partev and King Vramshapuh?

• AMesrop Mashtots (Մեսրոպ Մաշտոց)
• BMovses Khorenatsi (Մովսես Խորենացի)
• CYeghishe (Եղիշե)
• DAnania Shirakatsi (Անանիա Շիրակացի)

Which historic battle took place on May 26, 451 AD along the banks of the Tghmut River in the Avarayr plain, where Armenian forces led by Sparapet Vardan Mamikonian fought to defend Christian faith and autonomy against Sasanian Persian invaders?

• ABattle of Avarayr (Ավարայրի ճակատամարտ)
• BBattle of Nvarsak
• CBattle of Varni
• DBattle of Charmana

Which peace treaty concluded in 484 AD between Armenian rebel leader Vahan Mamikonian and Sasanian King Vagharsh granted Armenia full religious freedom, local self-governance, and prohibited fire-temples on Armenian soil?

• ATreaty of Nvarsak (Նվարսակի պայմանագիր)
• BTreaty of Apamea
• CTreaty of Acilisene
• DTreaty of Rhandeia

In 885 AD, which Armenian nobleman of the Bagratid dynasty was crowned King of Armenia after receiving royal crowns from both the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tamid and Byzantine Emperor Basil I?

• AAshot I the Great (Աշոտ Ա Բագրատունի)
• BSmbat I the Martyr (Սմբատ Ա)
• CAshot II the Iron (Աշոտ Բ Երկաթ)
• DGagik I (Գագիկ Ա)

Which city, renowned as the 'City of 1001 Churches' situated on the Akhuryan River, became the grand capital of Bagratid Armenia in 961 AD under King Ashot III the Merciful?

• AAni (Անի)
• BKars (Կարս)
• CDvin (Դվին)
• DArtashat (Արտաշատ)

On January 6, 1198 (or 1199), which ruler was crowned the first King of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in the Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Tarsus with crowns sent by Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI and Pope Celestine III?

• ALevon II / Levon I the Magnificent (Լևոն Բ / Լևոն Ա Մեծագործ)
• BRuben I (founder of the principality in 1080)
• CThoros II
• DHetum I

Which prominent 17th-18th century Armenian national liberation figure traveled across European courts (Rome, Paris, Vienna, Moscow) proposing the liberation of Armenia with Russian and Western European assistance?

• AIsrael Ori (Իսրայել Օրի, 1658–1711)
• BJoseph Emin (Հովսեփ Էմին)
• CShahamir Shahamirian
• DDavid Bek

Which military commander led the successful self-defense and liberation struggle of the Syunik province against Ottoman Turkish and Safavid armies between 1722 and 1728, establishing a sovereign Armenian principality centered at Halidzor Fortress?

• ADavid Bek (Դավիթ Բեկ)
• BMkhitar Sparapet (Մխիթար Սպարապետ)
• CAvan Yuzbashi
• DToros of Sasun

What is the title of the landmark republican constitutional treatise published in 1773 in Madras, India by Shahamir Shahamirian, outlining the future democratic parliamentary system of independent Armenia?

• AVorogayt Parats (Որոգայթ փառաց / 'Snare of Glory')
• BNor Tetrak vor kochi Hordorak
• CGirk Patmutyants
• DDashants Tught

Which historic peace treaty concluded in February 1828 between the Russian Empire and Qajar Persia following the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) ceded the Yerevan and Nakhichevan Khanates to Russia, leading to the creation of the Armenian Oblast (Հայկական մարզ)?

• ATreaty of Turkmenchay (Թուրքմենչայի պայմանագիր)
• BTreaty of Gulistan (Գյուլիստանի պայմանագիր, 1813)
• CTreaty of Adrianople (1829)
• DTreaty of San Stefano (1878)

Which article of the Treaty of San Stefano (1878) first officially placed the 'Armenian Question' on the international diplomatic agenda, obligating the Ottoman Empire to implement administrative reforms in the Armenian-populated vilayets under Russian supervision?

• AArticle 16 (Հոդված 16)
• BArticle 61 (of the Treaty of Berlin)
• CArticle 26
• DArticle 5

Which legendary Armenian fedayi leader, a commander of the 1904 Sasun self-defense who bore the title 'haydukapet of Taron', was mortally wounded at the Battle of Sulukh in May 1907?

• AGevorg Chavush (Գևորգ Չավուշ)
• BSerob Aghbyur (Աղբյուր Սերոբ)
• CAndranik Ozanian (Անդրանիկ Օզանյան)
• DNikol Duman

What is the commemoration date observed worldwide for the victims of the 1915 Armenian Genocide perpetrated by the Young Turk (CUP) Ottoman government, marking the arrest of Armenian intellectuals in Constantinople?

• AApril 24 (Ապրիլի 24)
• BMay 28
• CSeptember 21
• DDecember 7

Which decisive military battle fought on May 21–29, 1918 by Armenian regular troops and volunteers under Generals Movses Silikyan and Daniel Bek-Pirumyan halted the advancing Ottoman Turkish army and saved the Armenian nation from total annihilation?

• ABattle of Sardarapat (Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտ)
• BBattle of Bash-Aparan (under Drastamat Kanayan - Dro)
• CBattle of Karakilisa (under General Tovmas Nazarbekian)
• DBattle of Dilijan

Who served as the first Prime Minister of the First Republic of Armenia (1918–1919) following the declaration of independence on May 28, 1918?

• AHovhannes Kajaznuni (Հովհաննես Քաջազնունի)
• BAlexander Khatisian (Ալեքսանդր Խատիսյան)
• CHamo Ohanjanyan (Համո Օհանջանյան)
• DSimon Vratsian (Սիմոն Վրացյան)

Which international peace treaty signed on August 10, 1920 between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire recognized Armenia as a free and sovereign state, submitting the Western Armenian boundary delimitation to US President Woodrow Wilson (Wilsonian Armenia)?

• ATreaty of Sèvres (Սևրի հաշտության պայմանագիր)
• BTreaty of Batum (June 1918)
• CTreaty of Lausanne (1923)
• DTreaty of Alexandropol (December 1920)

Which historic treaty signed on October 13, 1921 between Kemalists and Soviet Transcaucasian republics (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan) formalized the loss of Kars Province, Surmalu, and Mount Ararat, and made Nakhichevan an autonomous territory under Azerbaijani protectorate?

• ATreaty of Kars (Կարսի պայմանագիր)
• BTreaty of Moscow (March 16, 1921 / RSFSR-Turkey)
• CTreaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
• DTreaty of Batum

Who was the renowned Armenian Soviet astrophysicist who founded the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory in 1946 and made groundbreaking discoveries on stellar associations and active galactic nuclei?

• AViktor Ambartsumian (Վիկտոր Համբարձումյան)
• BArtem Alikhanian (Արտեմ Ալիխանյան)
• CAndronik Iosifian
• DSergey Mergelyan

What major national event occurred on April 24, 1965 in Yerevan, representing the first mass unauthorized demonstration in Soviet history and leading to the construction of the Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex?

• A50th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide mass demonstrations (1965 թ. ապրիլի 24-ի ցույց)
• BDeclaration of Independence
• CKarabakh Movement rallies
• DFounding of Yerevan State University

On which date did the Supreme Soviet of Armenia adopt the Declaration on the Independence of Armenia (Հռչակագիր Հայաստանի անկախության մասին), which renamed the country the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն)?

• AAugust 23, 1990 (1990 թ. օգոստոսի 23)
• BSeptember 21, 1991 (Independence Referendum)
• CMay 28, 1918
• DJuly 5, 1995 (Adoption of Constitution)

On March 2, 1992, the Republic of Armenia achieved a major milestone in foreign relations by becoming a full member of which international organization?

• AUnited Nations (Միավորված ազգերի կազմակերպություն / UN)
• BCouncil of Europe (joined in 2001)
• CCommonwealth of Independent States (joined in Dec 1991)
• DEurasian Economic Union

Which Armenian king built the pagan Temple of Garni (Գառնու տաճար) dedicated to the sun god Mihr around 77 AD, as attested by a Greek stone inscription discovered on site?

• ATiridates I (Տրդատ Ա Արշակունի)
• BTrdat III the Great (Տրդատ Գ Մեծ)
• CTigranes IV
• DVagharsh I

Which medieval Armenian queen, the wife of Gagik I Bagratuni, financed the completion of the Cathedral of Ani (Mother Church of the Holy Mother of God) designed by the architect Trdat?

• AQueen Katranide II (Կատրանիդե Բ թագուհի)
• BQueen Parandzem
• CQueen Zabel of Cilicia
• DQueen Tamar

Who led the year-long defense of the fortress of Artagers against the besieging troops of Shapur II after the capture and imprisonment of King Arshak II?

• AQueen Parandzem (Փառանձեմ թագուհի)
• BSparapet Vardan Mamikonian
• CSparapet Vahan Mamikonian
• DPrince Smbat Bagratuni

Which historic battle in 371 AD in the Ayrarat province saw Armenian-Roman allied armies under King Pap and Sparapet Mushegh Mamikonian decisively rout Persian King Shapur II's invasion force?

• ABattle of Dzirav (Ձիրավի ճակատամարտ)
• BBattle of Gandzak
• CBattle of Bagavan
• DBattle of Rhandeia

What were the 'Five Melikdoms of Karabakh' (Khamsayi Melikutyunner / Խամսայի մելիքություններ) in Artsakh that maintained autonomous Armenian feudal statehood from the 16th through 18th centuries?

• AGulistan, Jraberd, Khachen, Varanda, and Dizak
• BSyunik, Vaspurakan, Lori, Taron, and Gugark
• CKapan, Meghri, Sisian, Goris, and Tatev
• DAni, Kars, Dvin, Van, and Yerevan

In what year did Abbot Mkhitar Sebastatsi found the Mekhitarist Congregation (Մխիթարյան միաբանություն) on the island of San Lazzaro in Venice, establishing a world center of Armenian intellectual and cultural renaissance?

• A1717 (San Lazzaro, Venice)
• B1512 (Hakob Meghapart prints first book in Venice)
• C1701 (Founding in Constantinople)
• D1811 (Vienna branch establishment)

Who was the Catholicos of All Armenians (1892–1907) known as 'Hayrik' who represented Western Armenians at the 1878 Congress of Berlin and delivered the famous 'Iron Ladle' (Երկաթե շերեփ) speech?

• AMkrtich I Khrimian / Khrimian Hayrik (Մկրտիչ Խրիմյան)
• BGevorg V Surenyants (supported 1918 Sardarapat defense)
• CNerses V Ashtaraketsi (founder of Nersisian School)
• DMatteos II Izmirlian

Which Armenian political party, founded in Geneva in 1887 by Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, and others, was the first socialist-national liberation party in Armenian history?

• ASocial Democrat Hunchakian Party (Սոցիալ-դեմոկրատական հնչակյան կուսակցություն / SDHP)
• BArmenian Revolutionary Federation (Հայ հեղափոխական դաշնակցություն / ARF Dashnaktsutyun, f…
• CArmenakan Party (Արմենական կուսակցություն, founded 1885 in Van)
• DRamgavar Democratic Party

Which mass retaliatory punitive expedition was executed in July 1897 by over 250 Armenian fedayis against the Kurdish Mazrik tribe responsible for massacres in Van and Sasun?

• AKhanasor Expedition (Խանասորի արշավանք)
• BGougunian Expedition (1890)
• CSasun Uprising
• DOuzunlar Battle

Who was the military strategist and national hero who led the heroic self-defense of Mountainous Armenia (Lernahayastan / Լեռնահայաստան) in Syunik in 1920–1921, ensuring Syunik remained an integral part of Armenia rather than Soviet Azerbaijan?

• AGaregin Nzhdeh (Գարեգին Նժդեհ)
• BDrastamat Kanayan (Dro)
• CAndranik Ozanian
• DSebouh

Which landmark covert retaliatory operation was organized in 1920–1922 by the ARF to execute the Young Turk perpetrators and organizers of the 1915 Armenian Genocide?

• AOperation Nemesis (Գործողություն «Նեմեսիս»)
• BOperation Ring (Chaikend 1991)
• COperation Spark
• DOperation Danube

What is the name of the master architect who designed the neoclassical architectural master plan of Yerevan in 1924, incorporating pink volcanic tuff, Republic Square, and circular boulevards?

• AAlexander Tamanian (Ալեքսանդր Թամանյան)
• BToros Toramanian (Թորոս Թորամանյան)
• CJim Torosyan
• DRafayel Israyelyan

How many Armenians from Soviet Armenia and the global Diaspora fought in the Soviet Armed Forces during World War II (Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945)?

• AApproximately 600,000 (with over 300,000 casualties and over 100 Heroes of the Soviet Uni…
• B50,000
• C1,500,000
• D100,000

Which historic city was founded as the capital of Greater Armenia by King Artaxias I (Artashes I) in the 2nd century BC on the left bank of the Arax River, praised by ancient historians as 'Armenian Carthage'?

• AArtashat (Արտաշատ)
• BTigranakert (Տիգրանակերտ)
• CVagharshapat (Վաղարշապատ)
• DYervandashat (Երվանդաշատ)

Which medieval Armenian scholar, jurist and fabulist compiled the first comprehensive Armenian code of civil and ecclesiastical law (the Book of Law / Datastanagirk) at the end of the 12th century?

• AMkhitar Gosh (Մխիթար Գոշ)
• BSmbat Sparapet (Gundstable of Cilicia)
• CNerses Shnorhali
• DGrigor Tatevatsi

Which of the following ancient Armenian dynasties was the first to rule a unified Kingdom of Armenia following the collapse of Urartu and under Achaemenid Persian suzerainty (as recorded in the Behistun Inscription of Darius I)?

• AYervanduni / Orontid Dynasty (Երվանդունիներ)
• BArtashesian / Artaxiad Dynasty
• CArshakuni / Arsacid Dynasty
• DBagratuni Dynasty

In what year did the tragic Spitak earthquake (magnitude 6.8) strike northern Soviet Armenia, devastating Spitak, Leninakan (Gyumri), and Kirovakan (Vanadzor) and claiming over 25,000 lives?

• ADecember 7, 1988 (1988 թ. դեկտեմբերի 7)
• BFebruary 20, 1988
• CSeptember 21, 1991
• DMay 28, 1989

Who was elected the first President of the independent Republic of Armenia in October 1991?

• ALevon Ter-Petrosyan (Լևոն Տեր-Պետրոսյան)
• BRobert Kocharyan (Ռոբերտ Քոչարյան)
• CSerzh Sargsyan (Սերժ Սարգսյան)
• DKaren Demirchyan (Կարեն Դեմիրճյան)

Which historic medieval Armenian monastery complex in Syunik, founded in the 9th century, was the seat of the Metropolitan of Syunik and home to the celebrated University of Tatev led by Hovhan Vorotnetsi and Grigor Tatevatsi?

• ATatev Monastery (Տաթևի վանք)
• BHaghpat Monastery
• CSanahin Monastery
• DGeghard Monastery

What is the name of the ancient Armenian kingdom/state established in the Armenian Highlands around the 9th century BC with its capital at Tushpa (Van) on Lake Van?

• AUrartu / Kingdom of Van / Araratian Kingdom (Ուրարտու / Վանի թագավորություն)
• BHayasa-Azzi
• CNairi
• DCommagene

Which 13th-century Armenian prince and commander co-ruled Zakarid Armenia (Զաքարյան Հայաստան) with his brother Ivane Zakarid, liberating Ani, Kars, Dvin, and Amberd from Seljuk rule under the Georgian Queen Tamar?

• AZakare II Zakarid / Zakare Sparapet (Զաքարե Բ Զաքարյան)
• BVache Vachutian
• CProsh Khaghbakian
• DHasan-Jalal Dawla

Which treaty signed in 1923 replaced the Treaty of Sèvres and omitted any mention of Armenia or Armenian territorial rights, setting the international borders of the modern Republic of Turkey?

• ATreaty of Lausanne (Լոզանի պայմանագիր)
• BTreaty of Versailles
• CTreaty of Saint-Germain
• DTreaty of Trianon

What is the historical significance of the May 9, 1992 military operation during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War?

• ALiberation of Shushi (Շուշիի ազատագրում / 'Wedding in the Mountains' operation)
• BOpening of the Lachin Humanitarian Corridor
• CCapture of Kelbajar
• DBishkek Protocol ceasefire