Chamber of Advocates Qualification Exam (Armenia)

Under the Law of the Republic of Armenia on Advocacy, which body is the non-governmental, self-governing professional association of all licensed advocates in Armenia?

• AThe Chamber of Advocates of the Republic of Armenia
• BThe Supreme Judicial Council
• CThe Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Armenia
• DThe Association of Judges of Armenia

According to the RA Law on Advocacy, what is the legal status of an advocate's license to practice law?

• AIt must be renewed every three years through re-examination.
• BIt is issued for a fixed five-year period subject to administrative relicensing.
• CIt is valid only for the specific judicial district in which the advocate resides.
• DIt is granted for an indefinite term without a mandatory expiration date.

Which of the following is an absolute statutory ground for the immediate termination of an advocate's license in Armenia?

• AFailure to win at least half of the cases represented in a calendar year
• BA legally binding court judgment convicting the advocate of an intentional crime
• CMoving one's primary residence to another administrative region within Armenia
• DTaking an unpaid medical leave of absence for more than three months

Under the Code of Conduct for Advocates in Armenia, how long does the duty to maintain advocate-client confidentiality (փաստաբանական գաղտնիք) last?

• AIt is unlimited in time and continues indefinitely even after the representation ends or…
• BIt expires five years after the final resolution of the client's case.
• CIt terminates immediately upon the termination of the retainer agreement.
• DIt lasts for ten years following the advocate's retirement from practice.

What is the primary statutory function of the Public Defender's Office (Հանրային պաշտպանի գրասենյակ) operating within the Chamber of Advocates of Armenia?

• ATo prosecute disciplinary violations committed by private advocates
• BTo conduct mandatory state audits of private commercial law firms
• CTo provide free legal aid to eligible persons in cases prescribed by law at the expense o…
• DTo administer judicial qualification examinations for appellate judges

In the Republic of Armenia, can an advocate simultaneously hold a full-time civil service or municipal service position?

• AYes, provided the advocate obtains written authorization from the Minister of Justice.
• BYes, but only if the public service role is in a non-legal administrative department.
• CYes, provided the advocate only handles civil cases during off-duty hours.
• DNo, advocate practice is statutorily incompatible with state or municipal service positio…

Under the Code of Conduct for Advocates in Armenia, when is an advocate strictly prohibited from accepting a legal representation engagement due to a conflict of interest?

• AWhen the opposing counsel is a member of the same regional advocate club
• BWhen the prospective client is a close relative of another advocate in the city
• CWhen the client has previously consulted another law firm before contacting the advocate
• DWhen the advocate has previously provided legal consultation to the opposing party on the…

An advocate is contacted by law enforcement officers demanding to search the advocate's law office and seize client case files in an ongoing investigation. Under Armenian law, what protection applies?

• APolice investigators may freely inspect advocate files with only a verbal order from a se…
• BAdvocate premises and materials are protected by legal professional privilege and cannot…
• CAdvocate files are public records and must be surrendered to the prosecutor upon initial…
• DProtection from search applies only to corporate defense files, not to criminal defense f…

Under the RA Law on Advocacy, what is the mandatory requirement for advocates regarding Continuing Legal Education (CLE / վերապատրաստում)?

• AAdvocates are completely exempt from further training once they pass the initial qualific…
• BOnly advocates with less than two years of practice must attend training; senior advocate…
• CAdvocates must publish an academic monograph in a peer-reviewed law journal every two yea…
• DAdvocates must complete a specified minimum number of certified training hours periodical…

If an advocate is retained to defend an accused person in a criminal proceeding, under what circumstance may the advocate withdraw from the defense on their own initiative?

• AThe advocate may not withdraw from the defense unless the client discharges them or speci…
• BThe advocate may freely withdraw whenever the client refuses to plead guilty as advised.
• CThe advocate may withdraw simply because the public or media criticizes the nature of the…
• DThe advocate may withdraw at any time by giving 24 hours written notice to the presiding…

Under the RA Law on Advocacy, which body of the Chamber of Advocates is empowered to impose disciplinary penalties on an advocate?

• AThe General Assembly of Advocates
• BThe Chief Public Defender
• CThe Ethics Inspectorate of the Ministry of Justice
• DThe Disciplinary Commission of the Chamber of Advocates (Կարգապահական հանձնաժողով)

An advocate learns from a client that the client committed a theft two years ago that was never solved by the police. The client is not currently charged with this crime. May the advocate disclose this information to the investigator?

• ANo, the information constitutes advocate-client privilege and the advocate is strictly fo…
• BYes, because all advocates have an absolute duty to report any past unsolved crimes to po…
• CYes, but only if the investigator submits an official written inquiry to the law firm.
• DYes, provided the advocate does not identify the stolen property's current location.

Under the RA Law on Advocacy, what is the legal relationship between an advocate and their client regarding representation in court?

• AIt is governed by a written legal assistance contract (retainer agreement) and formalized…
• BIt is established automatically upon a client verbally visiting the advocate's office wit…
• CIt requires prior written approval from the Chairman of the Court of First Instance.
• DIt must be notarized by a state notary before the advocate can file any pleading.

According to the Armenian Code of Conduct for Advocates, how must an advocate handle funds received from a client for future court expenses and state duties?

• AThe funds immediately become the personal property of the advocate upon receipt without a…
• BThe funds must be accounted for separately, used strictly for the designated purpose, and…
• CThe funds must be transferred immediately to the treasury account of the Chamber of Advoc…
• DThe funds may be used for personal investments provided they are replenished before the f…

What is the rule regarding an advocate advertising their legal services under the Armenian Code of Conduct for Advocates?

• AAll public advertising by advocates is strictly prohibited in any form under Armenian law.
• BAdvertising is permitted if it is truthful, dignified, and does not contain misleading cl…
• CAdvocates may advertise only by placing printed business cards in local courthouses.
• DAdvocates are legally allowed to guarantee a 100% win rate if they have won their last fi…

Under Article 39.10 of the RA Law on Advocacy, an advocate whose license validity was terminated (դադարեցում) as a disciplinary penalty may apply for a new advocate's license on general grounds no earlier than:

• ASix months after the penalty decision entered into legal force
• BFive years after the penalty decision entered into legal force
• CTwo years after the penalty decision entered into legal force
• DTen years after the penalty decision entered into legal force

In a criminal proceeding, a client informs their defense advocate of an intention to commit an imminent armed assault against a witness later that evening. According to legal ethics principles, what is the advocate's legal and ethical duty?

• AThe advocate must act as an accomplice to preserve the trust relationship with the client.
• BThe advocate must endeavor to dissuade the client, and if unsuccessful, may take necessar…
• CThe advocate is strictly required to keep completely silent even if imminent loss of life…
• DThe advocate must immediately join the prosecution team as a special investigator.

What is the legal recourse available to an advocate who disagrees with a disciplinary decision of the Board of the Chamber of Advocates terminating their license?

• AThe decision is completely final and cannot be reviewed by any court of law.
• BThe advocate may appeal the decision to the Administrative Court of the Republic of Armen…
• CThe advocate may appeal only to the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia.
• DThe advocate must submit an appeal to the Police Disciplinary Board.

Under the Law on Advocacy, what special majority is required by the General Assembly of the Chamber of Advocates to adopt or amend the Charter of the Chamber of Advocates?

• AA unanimous vote of all registered advocates in the country
• BApproval by a 4/5 supermajority of all licensed advocates
• CA majority of the votes of advocates participating in the General Assembly, provided a qu…
• DA simple majority of the Board members without convening the General Assembly

Under what circumstance can a foreign advocate (not licensed in Armenia) provide legal services in the Republic of Armenia?

• AForeign advocates can freely represent clients in all Armenian criminal cases without any…
• BForeign advocates are entirely prohibited from practicing law or giving any legal advice…
• CThey must be accredited with the Chamber of Advocates of Armenia in accordance with the L…
• DThey only need a standard tourist visa to appear in the Court of Cassation.

Under the Civil Code of the Republic of Armenia, at what age does a citizen acquire full civil legal capacity (քաղաքացիական գործունակություն)?

• AUpon reaching the age of 18 (majority), or upon emancipation/marriage prior to 18 in case…
• BAt the age of 16 for all citizens unconditionally
• CAt the age of 21 across all civil transactions
• DUpon graduating from a secondary or vocational school

Under the RA Civil Code, what is the general statutory limitation period (հայցային վաղեմության ընդհանուր ժամկետ) for bringing a civil action in court?

• AOne year
• BThree years
• CFive years
• DTen years

What legal consequence arises if a real estate purchase and sale contract in Armenia is not registered with the Cadastre Committee (state registration)?

• AThe contract automatically converts into an unsecured bank loan.
• BThe buyer receives immediate full ownership without state confirmation.
• CThe seller is sentenced to criminal detention for tax evasion.
• DThe transfer of ownership right does not enter into legal force.

Under the RA Civil Procedure Code, which court has primary subject-matter jurisdiction to hear ordinary first-instance civil lawsuits in Armenia?

• AThe Administrative Court
• BThe Court of Cassation
• CThe Constitutional Court
• DThe Court of General Jurisdiction of First Instance

What is the general standard of the burden of proof (ապացուցման բեռ) in Armenian civil litigation?

• AThe defendant bears the sole burden of proving that the plaintiff's allegations are false…
• BThe presiding judge must independently collect all evidence without any party submissions.
• CEach party must prove the circumstances to which it refers as the basis of its claims or…
• DThe party with higher legal fees is presumed to be correct.

Under the RA Civil Code, which of the following is a non-material (moral) right that is protected by civil law and cannot be alienated or transferred?

• AThe right of ownership over a motor vehicle
• BThe right to receive dividends from corporate shares
• CThe right to collect a contractual debt
• DThe right to life, health, personal dignity, and inviolability of private life

Under the RA Civil Code, how is a joint-stock company (բաժնետիրական ընկերություն) or limited liability company (սահմանափակ պատասխանատվությամբ ընկերություն) liable for its obligations?

• AIt is liable for its obligations with all of its own property, while shareholders/partici…
• BShareholders are personally and unlimitedly liable with their private homes for all corpo…
• CThe state treasury is automatically liable for all debts of private commercial companies.
• DThe company has no liability and creditors must sue the company's suppliers.

What is the statutory deadline under the RA Civil Procedure Code for filing an appeal (վերաքննիչ բողոք) against a final judgment of a Court of First Instance?

• ATen days from the preliminary hearing
• BSix months from the execution of the judgment
• COne year from the date the lawsuit was originally filed
• DOne month from the date of publication of the final judicial act

Under the RA Civil Code, when two parties enter into a contract under the influence of substantial mistake (էական մոլորություն), what is the legal status of the contract?

• AIt is an absolutely null and void transaction (առոչինչ գործարք) that requires no judicial…
• BIt remains permanently valid and the mistaken party has no legal remedy.
• CIt automatically doubles the monetary consideration stated in the contract.
• DIt is a voidable transaction (վիճահարույց գործարք) that may be declared invalid by a cour…

Under the RA Civil Code, what is the default rule regarding the risk of accidental loss or damage to goods sold under a sales contract?

• AThe risk always remains with the seller until the buyer fully pays the purchase price in…
• BThe risk passes to the state commercial registry upon signing the sales contract.
• CThe risk passes to the buyer from the moment the seller is deemed to have fulfilled the o…
• DThe risk is permanently borne by the transport carrier regardless of fault.

In an Armenian civil dispute, what is the legal effect of a preliminary contract (նախնական պայմանագիր) entered into between parties?

• AIt immediately transfers full title and ownership over the subject property without any f…
• BThe parties are bound by an obligation to conclude the main contract in the future on the…
• CIt has no legal force and serves only as an unbinding memorandum of understanding.
• DIt requires the defendant to pay a mandatory statutory fine to the court.

Under the RA Civil Procedure Code, when may a court apply securing measures (հայցի ապահովման միջոցներ / interim injunctions/attachments)?

• AOnly after a final judgment has been entered and confirmed on appeal.
• BWhen the failure to take such measures may make the execution of the judicial act impossi…
• COnly if the defendant explicitly consents in writing to having their bank accounts frozen.
• DWhenever the plaintiff's attorney requests it without demonstrating any risk.

Under the RA Civil Code, what is the principle of joint and several liability (համապարտ պատասխանատվություն) among co-debtors?

• AThe creditor must divide the claim equally and can only demand exactly equal shares from…
• BThe creditor must sue each debtor in separate lawsuits in alphabetical order.
• CThe creditor has the right to demand performance from all debtors jointly or from any one…
• DOnly the oldest debtor is liable for the full amount while others are completely discharg…

Under the RA Civil Code, if a debtor breaches an obligation, what damages is the creditor entitled to recover?

• AFull damages, comprising both actual damages (direct expenses and loss/damage to property…
• BActual property loss only, with a strict statutory prohibition against recovering lost pr…
• CPunitive damages equal to five times the original contract value.
• DOnly the state court fees paid by the creditor during the trial.

Under the RA Civil Procedure Code, what constitutes an expert opinion (փորձագետի եզրակացություն) as a form of evidence?

• AA personal opinion article published in a commercial newspaper by a journalist.
• BA legal brief submitted by the plaintiff's advocate analyzing legal statutes.
• CA written conclusion prepared by a person possessing special knowledge in science, art, t…
• DA character reference letter provided by the defendant's employer.

Under the RA Civil Code, what is the legal effect of a servitude (սերվիտուտ)?

• AIt is a right of limited use of another person's neighboring land plot or other immovable…
• BIt is a complete transfer of full ownership of the dominant land plot to the state.
• CIt is a lease agreement for movable office equipment.
• DIt is an outright prohibition against constructing any buildings in the country.

In Armenian civil procedure, what is the consequence if a plaintiff, duly notified of the time and place of the court hearing, fails to appear at two consecutive court sessions without requesting an adjournment or stating a valid excuse?

• AThe plaintiff is automatically sentenced to administrative arrest for 15 days.
• BThe court must immediately enter a default judgment awarding the plaintiff full damages.
• CThe case is permanently transferred to the criminal court.
• DThe court may leave the claim without examination (հայցը թողնել առանց քննության), provide…

Under the RA Civil Code, what is the legal consequence of a penalty/forfeit (տուժանք / տուգանք) clause in a commercial contract?

• AIt is a monetary sum determined by law or contract that the debtor must pay to the credit…
• BIt invalidates the entire contract from the date of execution.
• CIt makes the debtor immune from all civil court proceedings.
• DIt transfers all corporate shares of the debtor to the Ministry of Finance.

Under the RA Civil Procedure Code, on what grounds may the Court of Cassation (Civil Chamber) accept an appeal in cassation for review?

• AWhenever any party requests a re-examination of witnesses who testified at the first inst…
• BAutomatically for every civil dispute where the claim value exceeds 100,000 Armenian Dram…
• CIf the issue raised may be essential for the uniform application of the law and other nor…
• DOnly if both parties agree to waive all procedural rules.

Under the RA Civil Code, what is acquisitive prescription (ձեռքբերման վաղեմություն) regarding ownership of real property?

• AA person who rents an apartment for 6 months automatically becomes its full owner.
• BA person who in good faith, openly, and continuously possesses immovable property as thei…
• CA squatter who forcibly takes property acquires title in 24 hours.
• DA tenant who pays utility bills for 1 year gains an unchallengeable life estate.

Under the RA Civil Code, in what circumstance can an injured party claim compensation for non-contractual harm (delict/tort) without proving fault (անմեղ պատասխանատվություն)?

• AIn all ordinary breach of verbal contract claims between neighbors.
• BOnly when the defendant is an international diplomatic mission.
• CWhen the harm is caused by a source of increased danger (օրինակ՝ տրանսպորտային միջոցներ,…
• DStrict liability is never recognized in Armenian tort law under any circumstance.

Under the RA Civil Procedure Code, what is the procedure when newly discovered circumstances (նոր երևան եկած հանգամանքներ) arise after a final judicial act has entered into legal force?

• AThe party must file a brand new lawsuit starting from the first instance as if the first…
• BA party may submit an application for review of the judicial act to the court that render…
• CThe judicial act is permanently irrevocable and cannot be reopened regardless of any new…
• DThe party must apply to the Ministry of Justice for an administrative pardon.

Under Article 358 of the RA Civil Code, when a debtor's payment is insufficient to fully satisfy a monetary obligation and no other agreement exists, in what sequence are the creditor's claims satisfied?

• AFirst the principal amount of the debt, then the interest, and finally the creditor's exp…
• BInterest, principal, and expenses are always satisfied in three equal shares
• COnly the principal amount is satisfied; interest and enforcement expenses are extinguished
• DFirst the creditor's expenses incurred to obtain performance, then the interest, and fina…

Under the RA Civil Procedure Code, what is the evidentiary value of facts established by an earlier legally binding court judgment in a civil case between the same parties (prejudice / պրեյուդիցիա)?

• AThe facts must be proven from scratch with live witnesses in every new hearing.
• BPrejudicial effect applies only if both parties pay a confirmation fee to the court.
• CThose facts need not be proven again when examining another civil case in which the same…
• DPrior court judgments are inadmissible as evidence in any subsequent proceedings.

Under the RA Civil Code, what happens if a creditor accepts a pledge (գրավ) over movable property without taking physical possession or registering the pledge when registration is required by law?

• AThe pledge right is not created, or the pledgee loses priority against third parties who…
• BThe creditor becomes the full unencumbered owner of the debtor's entire business.
• CThe pledge automatically converts into a mortgage over the debtor's real estate.
• DThe debtor is immediately barred from selling any personal assets.

Under the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia, what is the fundamental principle regarding criminal liability (անմեղության կանխավարկած / presumption of innocence)?

• AA person accused of a crime is presumed guilty until they produce three eyewitnesses prov…
• BThe prosecutor is presumed to be correct in all factual allegations unless the defense pa…
• CThe court must convict the defendant if the victim expresses strong moral indignation.
• DA person is presumed innocent until proven guilty in the manner prescribed by law and con…

Under the RA Criminal Code, what is the minimum age of general criminal liability for most offenses in Armenia?

• A18 years of age for all crimes without exception
• B12 years of age for all property offenses
• C21 years of age for violent crimes
• D16 years of age (with liability from 14 years of age for specific enumerated grave offens…

Under the RA Criminal Procedure Code, what is the maximum duration for which a person may be detained (ձերբակալում) without a judicial arrest warrant?

• AUp to 24 hours
• BUp to 10 days
• CUp to one month
• DUp to 72 hours