Afghanistan Traditional Medicine Practice License Exam

In classical Unani and Greco-Arab medicine, what are the four primary elements (Arkan-e-Arba'ah) and their intrinsic primary qualities (Kaifiyat-e-Ula)?

• AFire (Cold and Dry), Air (Hot and Moist), Water (Cold and Moist), Earth (Hot and Dry)
• BFire (Hot and Dry), Air (Hot and Moist), Water (Cold and Moist), Earth (Cold and Dry)
• CFire (Hot and Moist), Air (Cold and Dry), Water (Hot and Dry), Earth (Cold and Moist)
• DFire (Cold and Moist), Air (Hot and Dry), Water (Cold and Dry), Earth (Hot and Moist)

How is 'Mizaj' (Temperament) scientifically defined within classical Tibb-e-Unani philosophy?

• AA new, uniform quality (Kaifiyat Mutashabihah) resulting from the mutual interaction and…
• BA static genetic trait determined exclusively by maternal bodily fluids during early embr…
• CThe temporary accumulation of unexpelled metabolic waste products in the peripheral venou…
• DThe mechanical pressure exerted by arterial blood flow against the inner walls of major v…

A patient is evaluated as having a predominantly Damawi (Sanguine) constitutional temperament. Which pair of primary qualities and physical characteristics characterizes this Mizaj?

• ACold and Dry; pale complexion, thin build, hyperactive reflexes, and cold extremities
• BCold and Moist; flabby musculature, excessive salivation, lethargy, and slow digestion
• CHot and Moist; ruddy/reddish complexion, strong muscular build, prominent veins, warm ski…
• DHot and Dry; yellowish sclera, lean wiry frame, sharp aggressive demeanor, and voracious…

Which primary qualities and anatomical site of production are characteristic of normal Khilt-e-Safra (Yellow Bile)?

• ACold and Dry; generated primarily in the spleen through the condensation of venous sedime…
• BCold and Moist; formed in the stomach and lymphatic vessels during the second stage of di…
• CHot and Moist; synthesized in the bone marrow and pulmonary capillaries
• DHot and Dry; produced in the liver during hepatic digestion (Hazm-e-Kabidi) and stored in…

Which humor is considered an immature or reserve fluid that can be converted into blood (Dam) when the body experiences prolonged nutrient deprivation?

• AKhilt-e-Balgham (Phlegm)
• BKhilt-e-Safra (Yellow Bile)
• CKhilt-e-Sawda (Black Bile)
• DRooh-e-Hayawani (Vital Spirit)

What is the origin and physiological role of normal, wholesome Khilt-e-Sawda (Black Bile / Sawda-e-Tabi'i)?

• AIt is produced in the kidneys to acidify the urine and dissolve bladder calculi
• BIt is the dense sediment formed during hepatic digestion, functioning to give density to…
• CIt is secreted by the lungs during expiration to cool the arterial blood flowing from the…
• DIt is generated in the thyroid gland to regulate basal metabolic rate and body temperature

In traditional Greco-Arab and Afghan medicine, what is 'Tabiat' (Medicatrix Naturae)?

• AThe external physical climate and ambient temperature of the patient's geographical dwell…
• BThe pharmaceutical compounding method used to neutralize toxic botanical alkaloids
• CThe supreme innate governing intelligence and physiological power of the human body that…
• DThe specific astrological configuration present at the time of a patient's birth

Which group represents the four Principal/Vital Organs (A'za-e-Ra'isa) essential for individual survival and species preservation in Unani anatomy?

• AStomach (Meda), Spleen (Tihal), Kidneys (Kulyatayn), and Bladder (Mathana)
• BLungs (Riyah), Trachea (Hulqoom), Diaphragm (Hijab-e-Hajib), and Esophagus (Maree)
• CPancreas (Binkriyas), Gallbladder (Murarah), Small Intestine (Am'a), and Omentum (Tharb)
• DBrain (Dimagh), Heart (Qalb), Liver (Kabid), and Gonads/Testes-Ovaries (Khusyatayn)

The 'Six Essential Prerequisites' (Asbab-e-Sittah Darooriyyah) are foundational to preventive health in traditional medicine. Which list accurately includes all six factors?

• AAir (Hawa), Food and Drink (Makool wa Mashroob), Physical Movement and Rest (Harkat wa Su…
• BHerbal Therapy, Surgical Intervention, Cupping, Cauterization, Bone Setting, and Aromathe…
• CPulse Reading, Urinalysis, Stool Examination, Tongue Inspection, Palpation, and Percussion
• DGenetic Heritage, Geographical Altitude, Lunar Cycles, Solar Eclipses, River Waters, and…

Which vital organ is the principal seat of the Natural Faculty (Quwwat-e-Tabi'iyya), and what are its primary subordinate sub-faculties?

• AThe Heart; sub-faculties include Quwwat-e-Ghadhibah (irascible) and Quwwat-e-Shahwiyyah (…
• BThe Liver; sub-faculties include Quwwat-e-Ghadhiya (nutritive), Quwwat-e-Namiya (growth),…
• CThe Brain; sub-faculties include Quwwat-e-Mudrikah (perceptive) and Quwwat-e-Muharrikah (…
• DThe Spleen; sub-faculties include Quwwat-e-Dafi'ah (expulsive) and Quwwat-e-Mufarriha (ex…

What is the primary role of the Vital Faculty (Quwwat-e-Hayawaniyya) centered in the heart?

• ATo store sensory memories and process intellectual deduction in the cerebral ventricles
• BTo filter nitrogenous wastes from the renal vascular bed into the urinary bladder
• CTo generate and distribute the Vital Spirit (Rooh-e-Hayawani) through rhythmic arterial p…
• DTo produce bile salts that emulsify dietary lipids inside the proximal duodenum

Quwwat-e-Nafsaniyya (Psychic/Nervous Faculty) is seated in the brain and divided into sensory and motor powers. Which internal perceptive faculty (Hiss-e-Batin) is responsible for synthesizing information from all five external senses?

• AQuwwat-e-Hafizah (Retentive memory)
• BQuwwat-e-Wahimah (Estimative faculty)
• CQuwwat-e-Mutasarrifah (Imaginative faculty)
• DHiss-e-Mushtarak (Common Sense / Sensus Communis)

How is 'Rooh' (Pneuma / Vital Spirit) conceptualized in classical Greco-Arab and Afghan medical literature?

• AA luminous, subtle, vaporous substance arising from the finest components of blood that a…
• BAn immaterial supernatural ghost that enters the body only during deep rapid eye movement…
• CA pure crystalline mineral dissolved in the cerebrospinal fluid that conducts electrical…
• DThe physical red blood cell mass that carries atmospheric nitrogen to the musculoskeletal…

What is the key clinical distinction between Su-e-Mizaj Sada (Simple Temperamental Dyscrasia) and Su-e-Mizaj Maddi (Material Temperamental Dyscrasia)?

• ASu-e-Mizaj Sada involves structural organ deformation, whereas Su-e-Mizaj Maddi is purely…
• BSu-e-Mizaj Sada is an alteration of qualitative temperament without physical accumulation…
• CSu-e-Mizaj Sada only occurs in children, whereas Su-e-Mizaj Maddi exclusively affects eld…
• DSu-e-Mizaj Sada is caused by microbial infection, while Su-e-Mizaj Maddi is caused by nut…

What are the primary physiological qualities and constitutional functions of Khilt-e-Dam (Blood humor)?

• ACold and Dry; provides mechanical firmness and suppresses metabolic hyperactivity
• BCold and Moist; decreases body temperature and hydrates articular cartilage
• CHot and Moist; serves as the primary source of nutrition, innate warmth, tissue growth, a…
• DHot and Dry; accelerates digestive speed and dissolves thick phlegmatic secretions

Why is a physiological amount of Khilt-e-Safra (Yellow Bile) essential for normal intestinal function?

• AIt coats the colon with thick phlegmatic mucus to halt all bowel evacuations
• BIt thickens liquid chyle to form dense, hard fecal masses inside the cecum
• CIt ferments dietary starch into acetic acid to destroy intestinal flora
• DIts sharpness and warmth stimulate intestinal peristalsis (Harkat-e-Dudiyyah) and assist…

Which biological role is uniquely fulfilled by Khilt-e-Balgham (Phlegmatic humor) in joint cavities and moving tissues?

• ALubricating articular surfaces (Rutubat-e-Mafasil) to prevent friction, wear, and excessi…
• BProviding rigid calcium deposition to ossify synovial joints into synarthroses
• CGenerating acute inflammatory heat to rapidly dissolve articular ligaments
• DDelivering rapid nerve impulses from the brain to contracting muscle fibers

Abnormal Black Bile (Sawda Ghayr Tabi'i) can arise through the combustion (Ihtiraq) of other humors. What is the most toxic and irritating form of combusted Black Bile?

• ASawda resulting from the natural precipitation of normal Sanguine blood
• BSawda-e-Ihtiraqi derived from the intense combustion of Khilt-e-Safra (Yellow Bile)
• CSawda formed by the freezing of normal phlegm in sub-zero winter temperatures
• DSawda produced by consuming excessive amounts of fresh watermelon

How does human temperament (Mizaj-e-Asnan) naturally transition across the life cycle from childhood to old age?

• AChildhood is Cold and Dry; Youth is Cold and Moist; Middle Age is Hot and Dry; Old Age is…
• BChildhood is Hot and Dry; Youth is Cold and Dry; Middle Age is Cold and Moist; Old Age is…
• CChildhood is Hot and Moist; Youth is Hot and Dry; Middle Age (Kahoolat) is Cold and Dry;…
• DTemperament remains entirely constant and immutable from birth until death regardless of…

Which season naturally promotes the production and accumulation of Khilt-e-Safra (Yellow Bile) according to traditional seasonal climatology (Mizaj-e-Fusool)?

• ASpring (Rabi') - Hot and Moist
• BWinter (Shita') - Cold and Moist
• CAutumn (Kharif) - Cold and Dry
• DSummer (Sayf) - Hot and Dry

What is the primary difference between Akhlat-e-Mahmoodah (Wholesome Humors) and Akhlat-e-Raddiyyah (Morbid/Corrupted Humors)?

• AAkhlat-e-Mahmoodah are suitable for assimilation by organs to support life and repair tis…
• BAkhlat-e-Mahmoodah are only found in plant sap, while Akhlat-e-Raddiyyah are exclusive to…
• CAkhlat-e-Mahmoodah are completely solid minerals, while Akhlat-e-Raddiyyah are pure gases
• DAkhlat-e-Mahmoodah cause immediate putrefaction, while Akhlat-e-Raddiyyah preserve organ…

How does gender influence baseline constitutional temperament in traditional Unani physiological doctrine?

• AFemales are universally hotter and drier than males due to higher menstrual turnover
• BMales are generally hotter and drier in comparison to females, who possess a relatively c…
• CBoth genders possess identical physiological temperaments with zero baseline variance
• DMales have a purely phlegmatic temperament, while females have a purely melancholic tempe…

The stomach and liver depend on four primary subservient mechanical faculties (Quwa-e-Khadimah) for processing nutrients. What is the correct sequence of their physiological actions?

• AQuwwat-e-Dafi'ah (Expulsion) -> Quwwat-e-Hadhimah (Digestion) -> Quwwat-e-Jadhibah (Attra…
• BQuwwat-e-Hadhimah (Digestion) -> Quwwat-e-Dafi'ah (Expulsion) -> Quwwat-e-Masikah (Retent…
• CQuwwat-e-Jadhibah (Attraction) -> Quwwat-e-Masikah (Retention) -> Quwwat-e-Hadhimah (Dige…
• DQuwwat-e-Masikah (Retention) -> Quwwat-e-Jadhibah (Attraction) -> Quwwat-e-Dafi'ah (Expul…

What is the crucial therapeutic concept of 'Nuzj' (Concoction / Maturation of Humors) before attempting systemic evacuation (Tanqiyah)?

• AImmediate surgical excision of the affected organ without prior medical therapy
• BInducing instant violent diarrhea on the first day of an acute disease
• CFreezing the patient's limbs with ice water to suppress feverish reactions
• DPreparing, liquefying, or condensing morbid humors until they reach an optimal consistenc…

Which of the following correctly pairs each of the Three Vital Spirits (Arwah-e-Thalathah) with its primary organ of origin?

• ARooh-e-Hayawani (Heart), Rooh-e-Nafsani (Brain), Rooh-e-Tabi'i (Liver)
• BRooh-e-Hayawani (Kidneys), Rooh-e-Nafsani (Stomach), Rooh-e-Tabi'i (Spleen)
• CRooh-e-Hayawani (Lungs), Rooh-e-Nafsani (Heart), Rooh-e-Tabi'i (Brain)
• DRooh-e-Hayawani (Brain), Rooh-e-Nafsani (Liver), Rooh-e-Tabi'i (Heart)

What is the traditional temperament and primary pharmacological action of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Shirin Boya / Asl-us-Soos / Licorice root)?

• ACold 3° and Dry 3°; potent central nervous system stimulant and drastic purgative
• BModerate (Mu'tadil) leaning slightly Hot 1° and Moist 1°; demulcent, expectorant (Mukhrij…
• CHot 4° and Dry 4°; corrosive caustic and counter-irritant vesicant
• DCold 4° and Moist 4°; powerful narcotic hypnotic and general anesthetic

Which medicinal herb, renowned in Afghanistan (Herat province), possesses a Hot and Dry temperament, functions as an exceptional exhilarant (Mufarreh-e-Qalb), and acts as an emmenagogue (Mudirr-e-Hayd)?

• APlantago ovata (Isphaghol)
• BCichorium intybus (Kasni)
• CCrocus sativus (Zafaran / Saffron)
• DBerberis vulgaris (Zirishk)

Nigella sativa (Siah Dana / Habbat-ul-Sawda / Black Seed) is extensively prescribed in Afghan traditional medicine. What is its active constituent, temperament, and primary therapeutic role?

• AAtropine; Cold 4° and Dry 4°; parasympathetic blocker for mydriasis
• BMorphine; Cold 3° and Dry 3°; narcotic analgesic for severe cancer pain
• CDigitoxin; Cold 2° and Moist 2°; positive inotropic agent for cardiac arrhythmias
• DThymoquinone; Hot 2°/3° and Dry 2°/3°; Kasir-e-Riyah (carminative), bronchodilator, anti-…

Ferula foetida / Ferula assa-foetida (Hing / Anjudan / Koma) is a major economic and medicinal plant of Afghanistan. What are its temperament, therapeutic actions, and appropriate corrective agent (Musleh)?

• AHot 4° and Dry 3°/4°; powerful carminative, antispasmodic, anti-helminthic, and emmenagog…
• BCold 4° and Moist 3°; cooling refrigerant and brain sedative; its Musleh is Dried Ginger
• CCold 2° and Dry 2°; astringent hemostatic; its Musleh is Mustard seed
• DModerate (Mu'tadil); nutritional dietary bulk; its Musleh is Table salt

Papaver somniferum (Khashkhash / Afyoon / Opium poppy) produces a dried latex containing isoquinoline alkaloids. What is its classical Unani temperamental classification and primary action?

• AHot 4° and Dry 4°; potent rubefacient and cardiac stimulant
• BCold 4° and Dry 4°; supreme narcotic (Mukhaddir), powerful analgesic (Musakkin-e-Waja), a…
• CHot 1° and Moist 1°; digestive tonic and mild diuretic
• DCold 1° and Moist 3°; demulcent and mild skin hydrator

What are the primary qualities, actions, and uses of Zingiber officinale (Zanjabil / Ginger)?

• ACold 3° and Dry 2°; causes profound vasoconstriction and suppresses appetite
• BCold 2° and Moist 2°; used to reduce core body temperature in high bilious fevers
• CHot 3° and Dry 2°; Kasir-e-Riyah (carminative), Hazim (digestive stimulant), Muqawwi-e-Me…
• DModerate (Mu'tadil); used exclusively as a soothing eye wash for conjunctivitis

Rosa damascena (Gul-e-Surkh / Damask Rose) is celebrated in traditional pharmacy. What are its dual pharmacological properties when comparing dried petals/rosewater versus fresh petal conserve (Gulkand)?

• ABoth dried petals and Gulkand are severe 4th-degree emetics causing gastric ulceration
• BDried petals are violent purgatives, while Gulkand causes severe constipation
• CBoth preparations act purely as central nervous system stimulants without any peripheral…
• DDried petals/distillate are astringent (Qabid), cardiotonic (Muqawwi-e-Qalb), and cooling…

What is the primary mechanism of action and traditional indication of Plantago ovata seed husk (Isphaghol / Ispaghol)?

• ACold 2° and Moist 2°; provides hydrophilic mucilage that expands upon water absorption, f…
• BHot 3° and Dry 3°; stimulates aggressive colonic contractions via chemical anthraquinone…
• CHot 1° and Dry 1°; directly hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls in the renal pelvis
• DCold 4° and Dry 4°; blocks synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction

Peganum harmala (Spand / Isfand / Wild Rue) is widely used in Afghanistan for fumigation and medicine. What are its active alkaloids, temperament, and key clinical precautions?

• AContains Quinine; Cold 2° and Dry 2°; contraindicated in iron deficiency anemia
• BContains Harmine and Harmaline; Hot 3° and Dry 3°; possesses nervine, emmenagogue, and an…
• CContains Ephedrine; Cold 1° and Moist 1°; used primarily as an ocular lubricant
• DContains Sennosides; Moderate; safe for unrestricted culinary consumption in high doses

Cassia senna / Senna alexandrina (Sana Makki) is a premier purgative (Mushil). What is its active chemical class, and which corrective agent (Musleh) is traditionally added to prevent griping and intestinal cramping (Taqtee')?

• AFlavonoids; Musleh is Vinegar (Khall)
• BEssential oils; Musleh is Black pepper (Filfil Siah)
• CAnthraquinone glycosides (Sennosides A and B); Musleh is Damask Rose (Gul-e-Surkh) or Swe…
• DCoumarins; Musleh is Common salt (Namak-e-Ta'am)

What are the primary pharmacological actions of Artemisia absinthium (Afsanteen / Wormwood) in hepatobiliary and digestive disorders?

• AStrong sweet demulcent that increases blood glucose and promotes obesity
• BPotent sedative hypnotic that suppresses all digestive secretions
• CAstringent hemostatic used to immediately coagulate arterial bleeding
• DBitter stomachic, deobstruent of the liver and spleen (Mufattih Sudad-e-Kabid wa Tihal),…

Berberis vulgaris (Zirishk / Barberry) contains the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine. What are its Unani temperament and principal clinical indications?

• ACold 2° and Dry 2°; hepatoprotective, Musakkin-e-Hararat (cools morbid heat), quenches bi…
• BHot 4° and Dry 4°; applied topically to cauterize deep necrotic ulcers
• CCold 1° and Moist 3°; used as a high-calorie nutritional supplement for emaciation
• DHot 3° and Moist 2°; powerful diaphoretic to induce profuse sweating in hypothermia

Foeniculum vulgare (Badiyan / Saunf / Fennel seeds) is widely prescribed for nursing mothers and ophthalmic weaknesses. What are its key properties?

• ACold 3° and Dry 3°; halts lactation and suppresses urinary excretion
• BHot 2° and Dry 1°; Kasir-e-Riyah (carminative), Mudirr-e-Baul wa Hayd (diuretic and emmen…
• CHot 4° and Dry 4°; causes rapid ulceration of the cornea
• DCold 4° and Moist 4°; acts as a general anesthetic

Cichorium intybus (Kasni / Chicory) leaves, seeds, and root extracts are renowned in Unani pharmacology for which major organ-specific therapeutic role?

• ADirect central nervous system convulsant for stupor
• BPure topical skeletal muscle relaxant for compound fractures
• CPremier hepatoprotective, deobstruent (Mufattih), and nephroprotective agent that clears…
• DAnticoagulant rodenticide

How are medicinal substances categorized across the 'Four Degrees of Drug Potency' (Darajat-e-Adwiyah) in classical pharmacology?

• ABased exclusively on the botanical root length measured in centimeters
• BBased on the monetary cost of the herb in the commercial bazaar
• CBased on the color spectrum of the dried flower petals under sunlight
• D1st Degree: therapeutic action is subtle and imperceptible upon normal consumption; 2nd D…

In traditional formulation science, what is a 'Musleh' (Corrective Agent)?

• AA specific substance compounded with a medicinal drug to neutralize its adverse effects,…
• BA synthetic chemical preservative added to extend product shelf-life to 10 years
• CThe radioactive isotope used to sterilize surgical instruments
• DA sweet confectionery glaze applied purely to disguise the botanical name

What is the pharmacological principle of 'Badal' (Substitute Drug) in classical Unani Materia Medica?

• AReplacing expensive genuine saffron with dyed shredded plastic threads
• BSelecting an alternative medicinal substance that matches the primary drug in temperament…
• CDiscarding expired herbal powders into municipal wastewater streams
• DSubstituting all plant remedies with animal-derived organ extracts

Which type of classical compound formulation (Murakkabat) is specifically termed 'Jawarish'?

• AA pure liquid volatile distillate prepared via steam condensation in an alembic (Qara-e-A…
• BA dry, ultra-fine calcined metallic oxide powder (Kushta)
• CA semi-solid electuary/conserve specially formulated with digestive spices, aromatics, an…
• DAn oil-based topical liniment applied exclusively for joint dislocations

What is the defining pharmaceutical characteristic and therapeutic focus of a 'Khamira' formulation?

• AAn alcoholic tincture aged for 10 years in oak barrels
• BA hard compressed tablet coated with synthetic enteric polymers
• CAn aqueous herbal eye drop used exclusively for cataract dissolution
• DA semi-solid cardiac and nervine electuary prepared by whipping/beating herbal decoctions…

What are the three essential botanical constituents that form the mandatory foundation of any classical 'Itrifal' formulation?

• AHalilah (Terminalia chebula), Balilah (Terminalia bellirica), and Amlah (Phyllanthus embl…
• BOpium, Datura, and Strychnos nux-vomica
• CGarlic, Onion, and Leek
• DSaffron, Rose petals, and Musk

How is a traditional medicinal syrup ('Sharbat') prepared in Unani pharmaceutical practice?

• ABy dissolving crude mineral salts into boiling alcohol without filtering
• BBy boiling a clear filtered herbal decoction (Joshanda), infusion (Khisanda), or expresse…
• CBy suspending raw pulverized tree barks directly into cold tap water without heat
• DBy evaporating all liquid to obtain a dry crystalline cake

What is the compounding definition and standard administration of a 'Safuf' (Medicinal Powder)?

• AA sterile injectable solution administered into deep gluteal muscle
• BA thick greasy plaster spread over warm linen cloth
• CA dry, finely pulverized and sieved mixture of single or multiple medicinal ingredients a…
• DA carbonated beverage pressurized with carbon dioxide gas