Kabul University Legal Stage (Staj-e-Huquqi) Entrance Exam

Under the Afghan Civil Code (Qanoon-e Madani), what are the essential pillars (Arkan) required for the valid formation of any contract ('Aqd)?

• AMutual consent (Ijab and Qubool) between competent parties, a lawful subject matter (Mahl…
• BMutual consent, a lawful subject matter, and registration of the contract in an official…
• CMutual consent and a lawful subject matter only, since the cause of a contract is never e…
• DMutual consent, a lawful subject matter, a lawful cause, and the attestation of two witne…

What is the legal effect of 'Ghalat' (Mistake / Error of Consent) in the Afghan Civil Code when it relates to an essential quality of the subject matter?

• AThe contract is void from the outset and produces no effect between the parties
• BThe party who was mistaken may demand the annulment/rescission (Faskh) of the contract, p…
• CThe court adjusts the price to reflect the quality actually delivered and keeps the contr…
• DThe contract remains binding, and the mistaken party's only remedy is damages against the…

How does the Afghan Civil Code regulate 'Ghubn-e Fahish' (Gross Disparity / Lesion) when accompanied by 'Taghreer' (Fraudulent Misrepresentation)?

• AThe victim of fraudulent misrepresentation who suffered gross financial disparity has the…
• BGross disparity alone entitles the injured party to rescind, whether or not any deception…
• CThe contract stands, and the injured party may only recover the difference between the pr…
• DThe contract is void from the outset, so no election by the injured party is required

What is the foundational principle of civil / tortious liability ('Mas'ooliyyat-e Madani' / Zaman) for harmful acts under the Afghan Civil Code?

• AA person is only liable for damages if they signed a prior written guarantee with the pol…
• BAny direct or indirect harmful act (Fi'l-e Zarrar-rasan) that unlawfully inflicts injury…
• CCivil liability applies only to foreign corporations, never to natural persons
• DLiability arises only if the damage exceeds 500,000 AFN

Under the Afghan Civil Code, what elements must a plaintiff establish to succeed in a civil action for damages based on non-contractual fault (Mas'ooliyyat-e Ghayr-e Qarardadi)?

• AFault or unlawful act (Khata), actual damage or injury suffered (Zarar), and a direct cau…
• BA criminal indictment and an admission signed in blood
• CApproval by a commercial marketing agency
• DTestimony from three foreign diplomats

What is the legal definition of 'Milkiyyat' (Ownership / Real Property Right) under the Afghan Civil Code?

• AThe exclusive, permanent, and comprehensive real right that empowers the owner to use (Is…
• BA temporary permission from a landlord to stay in a hotel room for one night
• CThe right to destroy public highways without government permit
• DA shared right owned exclusively by the municipal municipal garbage authority

What is a 'Haqq-e Irtifaq' (Easement / Servitude) under Afghan property law?

• AA real property encumbrance imposed upon a servient estate (Aqaar-e Khadim) for the benef…
• BA personal right of use granted to a named individual, which ends when that individual di…
• CA lease of part of a neighbouring parcel for a fixed term in return for rent
• DA statutory restriction imposed on all landowners by municipal planning rules

What constitutes a 'Rahn-e Rasmi' (Official / Registered Real Estate Mortgage) under Afghan civil law?

• AAn accessory security contract by which a debtor or third party grants a creditor an offi…
• BA verbal pledge of personal clothing in a coffee shop
• CAn unwritten promise to pay debts whenever the debtor feels wealthy
• DA commercial contract to build an airport in another province

Under the family law section of the Afghan Civil Code, what is the legal status of 'Mahr' (Dower) in a marriage contract?

• AA financial right and property entitlement of the wife established by marriage, which bec…
• BA bride-price paid to the bride's father for his personal enrichment
• CA tax paid to the municipal marriage registrar
• DA non-binding ceremonial gift that cannot be claimed in court

What is the legal difference between 'Talaq-e Raj'i' (Revocable Divorce) and 'Talaq-e Ba'in' (Irrevocable Divorce) under Afghan family law?

• AIn Talaq-e Raj'i, the husband may unilaterally revoke the divorce and resume marital life…
• BIn Talaq-e Raj'i, the wife must pay all the husband's debts, while in Ba'in the husband i…
• CTalaq-e Raj'i applies only to foreign marriages, while Ba'in applies to domestic marriages
• DThere is no distinction; all divorces are immediately irreversible with no waiting period

What is 'Hadhanah' (Child Custody) and who has the primary right of custody for a young child under the Afghan Civil Code?

• AThe right and duty of physical care, nurturing, and upbringing of the child during early…
• BThe absolute right of the father to immediately separate a newborn infant from the mother…
• CA commercial contract assigning children to private boarding schools
• DThe custody right granted to the highest bidder in public auctions

In Afghan inheritance law (Ahkam-e Miras), who are the 'Ashab al-Fara'idh' (Quranic Heirs)?

• AHeirs whose fractional shares of the estate (e.g., 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 2/3, 1/3, 1/6) are spec…
• BHeirs who receive property only if the government grants special permission
• CCreditors who are owed commercial debts by the deceased
• DDistant neighbors who lived within forty houses of the deceased

In the Islamic law of inheritance codified in the Civil Code, who are the ''Asabah' (Residuary Heirs)?

• AAgnatic male relatives (or females made agnates by brothers) who inherit the entire resid…
• BNon-relatives appointed by the police to manage the estate
• CThe undertakers who buried the deceased
• DCommercial banks holding the deceased's checking account

What is the legal doctrine of 'Hajb' (Exclusion) in the distribution of an estate under Afghan succession law?

• AThe rule whereby the presence of a nearer relative completely excludes (Hajb Hirman) or p…
• BThe physical concealment of the deceased's gold coins from tax authorities
• CA penalty for failing to register a death certificate within five days
• DThe exclusion of all daughters from inheriting land

A deceased man leaves behind a surviving mother, a father, and two sons. What is the correct inheritance share of the mother under the Afghan Civil Code?

• AOne-sixth (1/6)
• BOne-third (1/3)
• COne-half (1/2)
• DOne-eighth (1/8)

What is the legal effect of ''Awl' (Proportional Abatement / Reduction) in Islamic estate calculations?

• AWhen the sum of statutory fractional shares exceeds the whole estate (the common denomina…
• BThe judge confiscates the entire estate for the municipal treasury
• CThe oldest male heir receives 100% and all other heirs receive zero
• DAll female heirs are forced to forfeit their shares to male cousins

What is 'Radd' (Return / Reversion) in Islamic succession law when the estate shares total less than unity and there are no agnatic heirs ('Asabah)?

• AThe surplus residue of the estate is redistributed proportionally among the qualifying Qu…
• BThe entire surplus is automatically given to a foreign charity
• CThe excess property is burned in a public ceremony
• DThe government sells the surplus at an international auction

What is the legal effect of a contract of sale ('Bay'') in the Afghan Civil Code once validly concluded with consent and lawful subject matter?

• AOwnership of the sold item transfers to the buyer, and the obligation to deliver the pric…
• BThe seller retains ownership indefinitely even after receiving full payment
• CThe buyer must pay a monthly rent to the government forever
• DThe contract has no legal force until confirmed by the United Nations

Under the Afghan Civil Code, what warranty does a seller owe the buyer regarding hidden defects ('Khyar-e Ayb' / Daman al-Ayb al-Khafi)?

• AThe seller guarantees that the sold good is free from pre-existing hidden defects that di…
• BThe seller warrants only against defects the seller actually knew about, so an honest sel…
• CThe seller warrants against every defect, including those the buyer saw or was told about…
• DThe seller's warranty covers defects arising after delivery for as long as the goods rema…

How is a contract of 'Muqawalah' (Works / Construction Contract) defined under the Afghan Civil Code?

• AA contract by which one party (the contractor / Muqawil) undertakes to manufacture an ite…
• BA contract under which a worker places their labour at an employer's disposal for a perio…
• CA contract for the sale of goods that the seller will manufacture from materials the sell…
• DA contract by which an agent undertakes to conclude transactions in the principal's name…

What is the decennial liability ('Mas'ooliyyat-e Dah Sala') of contractors and architects under the Afghan Civil Code?

• AContractors and supervising engineers are jointly liable for ten years for any total or p…
• BThe contractor alone bears the ten-year liability, because the engineer only supervises a…
• CThe ten-year liability covers every defect in the building, including finishes, fittings…
• DThe ten-year period runs from the date the contract was signed rather than from delivery…

What is the legal nature of a 'Hiba' (Gift) contract under the Afghan Civil Code?

• AA gratuitous contract by which a donor (Wahib) transfers ownership of property during the…
• BA gratuitous transfer that takes effect only on the transferor's death, out of the dispos…
• CA transfer of ownership for a price fixed below the market value of the property
• DA gratuitous transfer that binds the donor as soon as it is declared, whether or not the…

Under what conditions may a donor revoke a gift ('Rujoo' az Hiba') under the Afghan Civil Code?

• AA donor may revoke with the donee's consent or by court order based on a legitimate excus…
• BA donor may take the gift back unilaterally at any time, since a gift is gratuitous and c…
• CRevocation is available only where the donee has since become wealthier than the donor
• DA gift once delivered can never be revoked, whatever the donee subsequently does

What is 'Khyar al-Ru'yah' (Option of Inspection) in contracts of sale under Afghan civil law?

• AThe right of a purchaser who bought an uninspected, generic good by description to examin…
• BThe right of a purchaser to inspect goods before concluding the contract, so that no cont…
• CThe right of a purchaser who has inspected the goods to reject them for a defect discover…
• DA period expressly stipulated in the contract during which either party may cancel the sa…

How does 'Ibra' (Release / Remission of Debt) operate to extinguish an obligation under the Afghan Civil Code?

• AA unilateral act by the creditor voluntarily relinquishing their claim against the debtor…
• BAn agreement between creditor and debtor to substitute a new obligation for the existing…
• CThe transfer of the debt to a third party who assumes the debtor's liability
• DThe setting off of mutual debts between creditor and debtor up to the smaller amount

How are criminal offenses classified according to their statutory gravity under the Afghan Penal Code?

• AFelonies (Jinayat), Misdemeanors (Junhah), and Infractions / Contraventions (Qubahat)
• BCivil disputes, commercial bankruptcies, and administrative complaints
• CFederal crimes, provincial violations, and neighborhood rumors
• DMaritime offenses, aviation accidents, and agricultural pests

What constitutes 'Qasd-e Jaza'i' (Criminal Intent / Mens Rea) under Afghan penal law?

• AThe conscious direction of the perpetrator's will toward the commission of an act constit…
• BAn accidental slip on an icy sidewalk causing a broken window
• CA lawful business transaction performed in good faith
• DAn unexpressed subconscious dream during sleep

What is the legal effect of 'Mawani'-e Mas'ooliyyat-e Jaza'i' (Excuses / Grounds Excluding Criminal Responsibility) such as minority (Sighar-e Sinn) or total insanity (Junoon)?

• AThey eliminate the criminal culpability of the perpetrator due to total lack of mental ca…
• BThey result in mandatory public execution within one hour
• CThey increase the prison sentence by twenty years
• DThey have no legal effect whatsoever on criminal sentencing

Under what statutory conditions is 'Halat-e Iztirar' (State of Necessity) recognized as a defense excluding criminal punishment?

• AWhen a person commits an otherwise unlawful act to save themselves or another from immine…
• BWhen a person steals luxury sports cars because they want to impress their friends
• CWhen an employee embezzles funds to go on a vacation abroad
• DWhen a merchant charges 500% markup on bread during a festival

What constitutes the criminal offense of 'Ikhtilas' (Public Embezzlement) under the Afghan Penal Code?

• AThe fraudulent conversion, misappropriation, or unlawful retention of state funds, public…
• BAn armed street robbery committed by masked bandits against a pedestrian
• CRefusing to pay rent to a private commercial landlord
• DFailing to renew a driver's license on time

What are the essential elements of the crime of 'Rishwah' (Bribery) under Afghan criminal law?

• AA public servant demanding, accepting, or receiving (or a citizen offering/giving) an und…
• BPaying lawful statutory court filing fees at a designated state bank counter
• CPurchasing goods at retail prices from a supermarket
• DDonating funds to a recognized registered public hospital

How is the crime of 'Tazweer' (Forgery / Falsification of Documents) defined in the Afghan Penal Code?

• AThe fraudulent alteration of truth in a written instrument, seal, or document with intent…
• BWriting a fictional novel with imaginary characters
• CCorrecting a typographical spelling error in a personal diary with a pencil
• DPrinting business cards with an accurate home phone number

What is the legal definition of 'Kula-bardari' (Criminal Fraud / Deceit) in Afghan penal law?

• AUnlawfully appropriating another's money or property through fraudulent schemes, false na…
• BSelling genuine gold jewelry accompanied by authentic assay certificates
• CRefusing to sell a car below market value
• DRenting a residential apartment under a standard lease contract

What is an 'In Flagrante Delicto' crime ('Jurm-e Mashhood' / Witnessed Offense) in Afghan criminal procedure?

• AA crime that is actively being committed, has just been committed, or where the perpetrat…
• BA crime committed fifty years ago with no surviving witnesses
• CAn anonymous tip received about a future planning meeting
• DA minor contract dispute over a damaged rug

Under Afghan criminal procedure, what is the role and legal duty of the 'Kashif-e Qazayi' / Judicial Police during the discovery of a crime?

• ATo preserve the crime scene, prevent alteration of physical evidence, record preliminary…
• BTo immediately execute the suspect on the street without a trial
• CTo sell the physical evidence to journalists for cash
• DTo erase fingerprints and wash bloodstains from the crime scene

What is the statutory limitation on pre-trial detention ('Tawqeef-e Ihtiyati') during the prosecution investigation stage under Afghan procedural law?

• APre-trial detention must be strictly authorized by reasoned judicial orders within statut…
• BSuspects may be held indefinitely for forty years without court orders
• CPre-trial detention is never permitted even for mass murderers caught in the act
• DDetention is ordered exclusively by private security guards

What is the legal effect of an 'Interrogation' (Tahqeeq) conducted without informing the accused of their right to remain silent and right to legal counsel?

• AThe interrogation proceedings and any resulting self-incriminating statements obtained in…
• BThe interrogation is automatically broadcast on national television
• CThe interrogator is rewarded with a monetary bonus
• DThe defendant is immediately stripped of all property

What constitutes an 'Alibi' defense in a criminal trial?

• AProducing conclusive evidence proving that the accused was physically present at a comple…
• BClaiming that the accused forgot their Tazkira at home
• CArguing that the crime was committed by an extraterrestrial alien
• DAdmitting to committing the crime while smiling

What is the principle of 'Shakhsi Budan-e Mas'ooliyyat-e Jaza'i' (Individual / Personal Nature of Criminal Responsibility)?

• ANo one can be held criminally responsible or punished for a crime committed by another pe…
• BThe entire family of a convicted criminal must be imprisoned together
• CAll residents of a village must pay for the theft of a bicycle
• DEmployers must serve the prison sentences of their employees

What is the legal effect of a 'General Amnesty' (Afw-e Umumi) enacted by supreme legislative/state authority on criminal proceedings?

• AIt completely extinguishes the public criminal prosecution and penal sentence for the spe…
• BIt forces all released prisoners to leave the country permanently
• CIt increases the fines owed to private commercial companies
• DIt cancels the civil debts of all private corporations

How does 'Afw-e Khas' (Special / Individual Pardon) by the head of state differ from a General Amnesty?

• ASpecial Pardon remits, reduces, or commutes a specific convicted individual's sentence wi…
• BSpecial Pardon applies only to traffic fines under 50 AFN
• CSpecial Pardon can only be granted by municipal street sweepers
• DThere is no difference; both terms are identical in scope

What is the statutory requirement for issuing an 'Arrest Warrant' ('Amr-e Jalb / Giriftari') in non-flagrant criminal cases?

• AA written, signed order issued by a competent prosecutor or judge specifying the suspect'…
• BA verbal phone call from an anonymous caller without documentation
• CA newspaper clipping containing an unverified gossip column
• DArrest warrants are never required for any arrest in Afghanistan

What is the legal effect of a defendant exercising the 'Right to Remain Silent' (Sukoot) during criminal questioning?

• ASilence is a lawful exercise of defense rights and cannot be treated by the court as an a…
• BSilence constitutes an immediate judicial confession guaranteeing conviction
• CThe court must immediately double the maximum statutory penalty for silence
• DSilence is prohibited and results in immediate contempt imprisonment

What constitutes the criminal offense of 'Iftira'' (False Malicious Prosecution / Calumny) under Afghan penal law?

• AKnowingly and maliciously lodging a false criminal accusation or fabricating false eviden…
• BFiling a legitimate civil claim to recover an unpaid loan
• CGiving accurate eyewitness testimony in an armed robbery trial
• DReporting an active house burglary to the emergency police

When can a criminal trial be conducted in the absence of the accused ('Muhakama-e Ghayabi') under Afghan criminal procedure?

• AWhen the accused is formally summoned or indicted, flees or fails to appear without a law…
• BWhenever the prosecutor wants to avoid seeing the defendant's face
• CIn all felony cases as a mandatory first step before arresting the suspect
• DTrials in absentia are completely prohibited under every circumstance even if the suspect…

In Islamic Usul al-Fiqh, what are the four agreed primary sources of Islamic law (Al-Adillah al-Asliyyah al-Muttafaq 'Alayha) across the Sunni schools of jurisprudence?

• AThe Holy Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, Consensus of Jurists (Ijma), and Analogical De…
• BThe Civil Code, the Commercial Code, police regulations, and municipal decrees
• CPersonal opinions of government ministers, newspaper editorials, and private customs
• DRoman civil law, French commercial codes, and English common law precedents

How is 'Ijma' (Consensus) defined as a binding source of law in Usul al-Fiqh?

• AThe unanimous agreement of all qualified Muslim jurists (Mujtahideen) of a particular era…
• BA majority vote in a municipal city council on road paving contracts
• CAn informal agreement among merchant guilds regarding price fixing
• DThe decision of a single judge in a district trial court

What are the four essential pillars (Arkan) required for a valid 'Qiyas' (Analogical Deduction) in Usul al-Fiqh?

• AThe original case (Asl), the new parallel case (Far'), the original ruling (Hukm al-Asl),…
• BThe plaintiff, the defendant, the courtroom, and the judge's gavel
• CThe arrest warrant, the prison cell, the police officer, and the fine
• DThe contract price, the currency, the bank account, and the receipt