WY-TOPP Summative Science — Grade 10

An atom of neutral carbon-12 has an atomic number of 6. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it contain?

• A6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons
• B6 protons, 12 neutrons, 6 electrons
• C12 protons, 6 neutrons, 12 electrons
• D6 protons, 0 neutrons, 6 electrons

Which state of matter has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container?

• AGas
• BLiquid
• CSolid
• DPlasma

A laboratory cart travels a distance of 20 meters in 4 seconds at constant speed. What is its speed?

• A80 m/s
• B5 m/s
• C16 m/s
• D0.2 m/s

A boulder resting at the top of a steep cliff possesses primarily which form of energy?

• AKinetic energy
• BGravitational potential energy
• CChemical energy
• DThermal energy

According to Newton's First Law of Motion, an object moving in deep space at constant velocity will continue moving at that velocity unless acted upon by:

• AAn unbalanced external force
• BA balanced force pair
• CInternal thermal energy
• DGravitational waves

A solution has a pH of 2. How should this solution be classified?

• AStrongly basic
• BNeutral
• CStrongly acidic
• DWeakly basic

What term describes the number of wave crests that pass a fixed point per second?

• AWavelength
• BAmplitude
• CFrequency
• DWave speed

Elements in the same vertical column (group) of the periodic table share similar chemical properties primarily because they have:

• AThe same number of valence electrons
• BThe same total number of neutrons
• CIdentical atomic masses
• DThe same number of electron shells

What type of chemical bond is formed when electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom?

• ACovalent bond
• BIonic bond
• CMetallic bond
• DHydrogen bond

When 10 grams of reactant A completely reacts with 15 grams of reactant B in a closed container, what is the total mass of the products formed?

• A5 grams
• B10 grams
• C25 grams
• D150 grams

Which cellular organelle is responsible for generating the majority of cellular energy in the form of ATP during aerobic respiration?

• ARibosome
• BMitochondrion
• CGolgi apparatus
• DLysosome

The cell membrane is described as selectively permeable. What does this mean?

• AIt allows all substances to pass freely into and out of the cell.
• BIt blocks all molecules from entering the cell.
• CIt regulates which specific substances can cross into or out of the cell.
• DIt only permits water molecules to cross.

In a terrestrial food web, organisms that synthesize their own organic food using sunlight are classified as:

• APrimary consumers
• BDecomposers
• CAutotrophic producers
• DSecondary consumers

In a double-stranded DNA molecule, which nitrogenous base pairs specifically with adenine (A)?

• ACytosine (C)
• BGuanine (G)
• CThymine (T)
• DUracil (U)

What is the primary biological function of mitosis in multicellular eukaryotic organisms?

• AProduction of haploid gametes for sexual reproduction
• BGrowth, tissue repair, and asexual cell regeneration
• CSynthesis of mRNA from DNA templates
• DBreakdown of glucose into pyruvate

If purple flower color (P) is completely dominant over white flower color (p), what phenotype will a heterozygous plant (Pp) express?

• AWhite flowers
• BPurple flowers
• CPink flowers
• DStriped flowers

Which process describes how environmental selective pressures favor individuals with advantageous traits, leading to increased reproductive success?

• AGenetic drift
• BNatural selection
• CArtificial selection
• DGene flow

What are the primary chemical reactants required for plant photosynthesis?

• AGlucose and oxygen
• BCarbon dioxide and water
• CNitrogen and methane
• DATP and NADPH

Which class of biological macromolecules includes enzymes, structural collagen, and transport hemoglobin?

• ACarbohydrates
• BLipids
• CProteins
• DNucleic acids

Which of the following is an abiotic factor in a Wyoming forest ecosystem?

• ALodgepole pine trees
• BSoil temperature and rainfall
• CElk populations
• DDecomposing fungi

What process fuels stars like our Sun during the main sequence stage of their evolution?

• ANuclear fission of uranium nuclei
• BNuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium
• CChemical combustion of hydrocarbon gas
• DGravitational collapse of heavy metals

Rocks formed from the cooling and crystallization of molten magma or lava are classified as:

• ASedimentary rocks
• BIgneous rocks
• CMetamorphic rocks
• DFossiliferous rocks

Tectonic plates float and move across which semi-fluid layer of Earth's upper mantle?

• AInner core
• BAsthenosphere
• CCrust
• DMesosphere

Which process in the water cycle transfers water vapor directly from plant leaves into the atmosphere?

• ACondensation
• BPrecipitation
• CTranspiration
• DRunoff

Which gas makes up approximately 78% of Earth's dry atmosphere by volume?

• AOxygen
• BCarbon dioxide
• CNitrogen
• DArgon

Which of the following is considered a primary greenhouse gas responsible for trapping infrared heat in Earth's atmosphere?

• AArgon
• BCarbon dioxide
• COxygen
• DNitrogen gas

According to the Law of Superposition, in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers:

• AThe oldest layer is at the top.
• BThe youngest layer is at the bottom.
• CThe oldest layer is at the bottom.
• DAll layers are of identical geological age.

What is the key difference between weathering and erosion?

• AWeathering breaks down rock in place; erosion transports rock sediment to new locations.
• BWeathering transports sediment; erosion breaks rock down chemically.
• CWeathering occurs only in oceans; erosion occurs only on land.
• DWeathering requires ice; erosion requires wind.

Which energy resource is classified as renewable because it naturally replenishes on human time scales?

• ACoal
• BPetroleum
• CWind power
• DUranium-235

Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical path. At what point in its orbit is Earth moving at its fastest orbital speed?

• AAt aphelion (farthest from the Sun)
• BAt perihelion (closest to the Sun)
• CDuring the vernal equinox
• DDuring the summer solstice

As you move from left to right across Period 3 of the periodic table (from Na to Cl), atomic radius generally decreases. What best explains this trend?

• AThe number of electron shells increases dramatically.
• BEffective nuclear charge increases, pulling electrons closer to the nucleus.
• CElectrons are transferred out of the atom to form positive ions.
• DGravitational attraction between protons and neutrons increases.

When hydrogen (electronegativity 2.1) bonds with oxygen (electronegativity 3.5) in a water molecule, what type of bond is formed?

• ANonpolar covalent bond with equal electron sharing
• BPolar covalent bond with partial negative charge on oxygen
• CIonic bond with complete transfer of electrons to hydrogen
• DMetallic bond with delocalized valence electrons

Consider the balanced equation: 2H2(g) + O2(g) -> 2H2O(g). How many moles of H2O are produced when 4.0 moles of H2 react completely with excess O2?

• A2.0 moles
• B4.0 moles
• C8.0 moles
• D1.0 mole

Magnesium reacts with oxygen according to: 2Mg(s) + O2(g) -> 2MgO(s). Molar masses: Mg = 24.3 g/mol, MgO = 40.3 g/mol. What mass of MgO is produced from 48.6 g of Mg?

• A40.3 g
• B80.6 g
• C120.9 g
• D24.3 g

A reaction profile shows that the enthalpy of the products is lower than the enthalpy of the reactants (Delta H < 0). How is this reaction classified?

• AEndothermic reaction that absorbs net heat from surroundings
• BExothermic reaction that releases net thermal energy to surroundings
• CIsothermal process with zero enthalpy change
• DCatalytic inhibition reaction

Adding a catalyst to a chemical reaction increases the reaction rate primarily by:

• AIncreasing the total enthalpy change (Delta H) of the reaction
• BProviding an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy
• CIncreasing the kinetic temperature of the reactant molecules
• DDecreasing the concentration of the products formed

For the reversible gas system N2(g) + 3H2(g) <=> 2NH3(g) + heat, what shift occurs when the pressure on the container is increased at constant temperature?

• AShifts to the left (toward reactants)
• BShifts to the right (toward products)
• CNo shift occurs because pressure does not affect gas equilibria
• DThe equilibrium constant Keq increases

A net force of 50 N is applied horizontally to a 10 kg crate on a frictionless surface. What is the acceleration of the crate?

• A500 m/s^2
• B5 m/s^2
• C0.2 m/s^2
• D40 m/s^2

A 2.0 kg toy car moving at 3.0 m/s collides with and sticks to a stationary 1.0 kg toy car. What is the final velocity of the coupled cars?

• A6.0 m/s
• B2.0 m/s
• C1.5 m/s
• D3.0 m/s

If the distance between two gravitational masses is doubled, how does the gravitational attraction force between them change?

• AIt decreases to 1/4 of its original value.
• BIt decreases to 1/2 of its original value.
• CIt doubles.
• DIt quadruples.

Two point charges q1 and q2 exert an electrostatic force F on each other. If charge q1 is doubled while distance remains constant, what is the new force?

• AF / 2
• B2F
• C4F
• DF / 4

How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 100 g of liquid water (c = 4.18 J/g deg C) from 20 deg C to 40 deg C?

• A8,360 J
• B4,180 J
• C418 J
• D200 J

A closed thermodynamic system receives 500 J of heat from its surroundings while performing 200 J of work on its surroundings. What is the change in internal energy (Delta U)?

• A+700 J
• B+300 J
• C-300 J
• D-700 J

A sound wave travels through air at 340 m/s with a frequency of 170 Hz. What is its wavelength?

• A57,800 m
• B2.0 m
• C0.5 m
• D170 m

Which sequence correctly orders electromagnetic waves from lowest frequency (longest wavelength) to highest frequency (shortest wavelength)?

• ARadio waves -> Infrared -> Visible light -> Ultraviolet -> X-rays
• BX-rays -> Ultraviolet -> Visible light -> Infrared -> Radio waves
• CVisible light -> Radio waves -> Infrared -> X-rays -> Ultraviolet
• DGamma rays -> X-rays -> Ultraviolet -> Visible light -> Radio waves

When a ray of light passes obliquely from air (index of refraction n=1.0) into glass (n=1.5), how does its direction and speed change?

• AIt speeds up and bends away from the normal line.
• BIt slows down and bends toward the normal line.
• CIt maintains constant speed and bends away from normal.
• DIt slows down without changing direction.