Rhode Island Comprehensive Assessment System English Language Arts — Grade 8

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Clara opened the old oak chest. Inside lay a tarnished silver compass, its needle frozen facing north-west, and a stack of letters bound by a faded ribbon. Outside, the rain drummed rhythmically against the windowpane. Clara ran her hand over the dust-covered letters, noticing her mother's distinct, slanted handwriting on the top envelope.' Which detail from the text directly supports the inference that Clara is examining items belonging to a family member?

• AThe rain drumming rhythmically against the windowpane
• BThe distinct, slanted handwriting of Clara's mother on the envelope
• CThe tarnished silver compass with a needle frozen facing north-west
• DThe old oak chest located upstairs in the attic

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Marcus stood in the hallway, clutching his science poster with trembling fingers. He checked the wall clock every thirty seconds, shifting his weight nervously from foot to foot as classmates streamed past.' What can the reader infer about Marcus's emotional state from his physical actions?

• AHe is bored and eager to leave school.
• BHe is anxious and apprehensive about presenting his work.
• CHe is angry at his classmates for walking past.
• DHe is confident and fully prepared for his presentation.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'The captain gazed into the dense fog, his hand fixed on the wooden wheel. The sea was deceptively calm, yet the barometer had dropped three points in less than an hour. He quietly ordered the crew to double-check the cargo ties and secure the extra hatches.' Based on explicit details in the passage, which action did the captain take in response to the dropping barometer?

• AHe immediately turned the vessel back toward the harbor.
• BHe commanded the crew to secure cargo ties and extra hatches.
• CHe alerted the passengers to put on life preservers.
• DHe dropped the heavy anchor into the calm water.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Maya looked at the unworked soil in her grandfather's garden patch. She picked up a rusted trowel and began digging, ignoring the blister forming on her palm. Hours passed until rows of neat dirt mounds stretched across the plot.' What inference is best supported by Maya's willingness to ignore the blister on her palm?

• AShe is forced by her family to work against her will.
• BShe is deeply determined and committed to finishing the garden.
• CShe does not realize that working with dirt can cause injury.
• DShe prefers gardening to spending time with her friends.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'The red kite soared above the coastal dunes, pulling hard against the twine string. Suddenly, the string snapped, and the kite hovered briefly before plummeting toward the tall sea grass.' Which statement expresses an explicit fact stated in the passage?

• AThe kite fell because the wind died down suddenly.
• BThe red kite's twine string snapped while flying over dunes.
• CThe boy holding the string panicked when it broke.
• DThe kite was ruined when it landed in the sea grass.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Dr. Vance adjusted the eyepiece of the brass telescope. For three years, he had searched this sector of the sky every clear night. When the faint purple speck flickered into view, he let out a long breath and slowly wrote down the coordinates.' What can the reader infer from Dr. Vance letting out a long breath and recording the coordinates?

• AHe was frustrated that his telescope was out of focus.
• BHe experienced relief and satisfaction at finally making a long-sought discovery.
• CHe was tired and decided to quit his astronomy career.
• DHe was surprised that the sky was clear after a stormy week.

Read the passage excerpt below: '"If we turn back now," Elena said, staring at the darkened cavern entrance, "we lose weeks of progress. But if we proceed without lamps, we risk everything." Julian did not reply; he simply struck a match against the damp rock wall and handed her a fresh candle.' Which inference is most strongly supported by Julian's action of striking a match and handing Elena a candle?

• AJulian disagrees with Elena and wants to return to camp.
• BJulian silently chooses to proceed into the cavern despite the danger.
• CJulian believes the cave is too wet to explore safely.
• DJulian wants Elena to lead while he waits outside.

Read the passage excerpt below: '"You can't change the key signature now, Leo," Sarah whispered behind the stage curtain. "The orchestra is already tuned." Leo tightened his grip on his violin. "If I don't adjust it, the high notes will sound flat on this old instrument." "Then adjust your finger position, not the music," Sarah insisted as the lights dimmed.' How does the dialogue between Sarah and Leo propel the plot of the narrative?

• AIt explains the historical origin of Leo's violin.
• BIt creates immediate tension and forces Leo to make a critical performance decision under…
• CIt reveals that Sarah wants to take Leo's place on stage.
• DIt resolves the argument between the musicians and the conductor.

Read the passage excerpt below: '"Did you hear that knock on the side gate?" Toby asked, sitting upright in bed. "It's just the wind," Hannah murmured, turning over. "The wind doesn't knock three times in code," Toby replied, swinging his legs out of bed.' What function does Toby's line ("The wind doesn't knock three times in code") serve in advancing the story?

• AIt shows that Toby is afraid of nighttime weather.
• BIt prompts Toby to investigate, initiating the next action in the plot.
• CIt convinces Hannah to go outside immediately.
• DIt provides background information about the town.

Read the passage excerpt below: '"If we construct the dam at Blackwood Creek," Councilor Vance argued, "the lower valley will lose its primary irrigation source." Mayor Lin leaned forward. "And if we don't, the spring floods will wash away the downtown district within three years. We vote tonight."' How does Mayor Lin's response advance the dramatic conflict in the passage?

• AIt shows that the council has already built the dam.
• BIt establishes high stakes and an urgent deadline for the decision.
• CIt proves that Councilor Vance is unconcerned with safety.
• DIt settles the debate peacefully without requiring a vote.

Read the passage excerpt below: '"Look at line four," Nadia said, pointing to the cipher. "The letter E appears three times consecutively." "That's impossible in English," David muttered. "Unless... it isn't an English cipher at all." Nadia's eyes widened. "It's Latin."' How does the dialogue between Nadia and David lead to a turning point in their investigation?

• AIt reveals that the code cannot be solved by anyone.
• BIt shifts their understanding of the cipher's language, guiding their next decoding steps.
• CIt causes David to give up on decoding the message.
• DIt introduces a new character who authored the message.

Read the passage excerpt below: '"We took a wrong turn at the pine ridge," Sam stated, examining his map. "Are you sure?" Nora asked. "Positive. The sun is setting on our right, which means we are heading south instead of west."' How does Sam's explanation affect the characters' actions?

• AIt leads them to set up camp immediately.
• BIt reveals their navigation error and forces them to reorient their direction.
• CIt causes Nora to throw away the map in frustration.
• DIt proves that they have successfully reached their final destination.

Read the passage excerpt below: '"Master Thomas," Ethan began, holding the cracked lens, "I accidentally overheated the glass during annealing." Master Thomas set down his blowpipe slowly. "A broken glass is a cheap lesson, Ethan. But hiding it would have cost you your place here. Fetch a new batch of sand."' How does Master Thomas's dialogue reveal his character while moving the plot forward?

• AIt shows he is harsh, causing Ethan to leave the workshop.
• BIt demonstrates his value for honesty and directs Ethan to start over on the project.
• CIt proves that Ethan lacks the talent to work with glass.
• DIt causes Ethan to refuse to follow further instructions.

Read the passage excerpt below: '"My ankle is swollen, Carla," Jordan panted, leaning against the track fence. "You have to run the anchor leg." Carla stepped back, startled. "I've only practiced sprinting the opening 100 meters!" "You're the only runner left," Jordan said, handing her the baton.' How does Jordan's dialogue push Carla into a central plot conflict?

• AIt allows Carla to forfeit the race without running.
• BIt forces Carla out of her prepared role into a high-pressure situation.
• CIt causes Carla to argue with the race officials.
• DIt reveals that Jordan is faking an injury to avoid running.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'For generations, the massive elm tree stood at the center of the town square. When a severe storm split a major branch, many townspeople argued to cut it down. Old Mr. Alvarez spent weeks grafting new shoots and treating the damaged trunk. Years later, children played under its full, shaded canopy once again.' Which statement best expresses a central theme of this passage?

• ANatural disasters always permanently destroy historical landmarks.
• BCare, patience, and effort can restore what appears irreparably damaged.
• CTown leaders should make decisions without listening to citizens.
• DOld trees are safer to remove than to preserve.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Mateo wanted to build a wooden footbridge across the stream alone to prove his independence. After two failed attempts where the planks collapsed, he accepted his sister's offer to help. Together, they designed a sturdy triangular support system that held easily.' How is the theme of collaboration developed in the story?

• ABy showing that wooden bridges are better than stone bridges.
• BBy contrasting Mateo's initial solo failures with the success achieved through teamwork.
• CBy highlighting that siblings will always compete with one another.
• DBy explaining structural engineering formulas.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Nora collected ocean shells not for their flawless symmetry, but for their chipped edges and weathered surfaces. "A smooth shell has lived a quiet life in shallow water," she remarked to her friend. "The broken ones carry stories of surviving the deep ocean's rough waves."' Which complex theme is developed through Nora's perspective on the shells?

• APerfection is the true measure of natural beauty.
• BHardship and struggle endow life with depth, story, and character.
• CCollecting items from nature damages ocean ecosystems.
• DThe ocean is too dangerous for humans to explore.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Grandmother handed Maya a quilt stitched from scraps of old denim, floral dresses, and flannel shirts. "Each square is a year of our family's journey," Grandmother explained. When Maya moved away to college, wrapping herself in the quilt brought a deep sense of warmth and belonging.' Which thematic idea is primarily developed through the quilt?

• ANew store-bought items are more practical than handmade crafts.
• BFamily heritage and memories provide comfort and identity during times of change.
• CCrafting quilts is a dying skill that younger generations ignore.
• DMoving away from home severs connection to family history.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Kevin lost his first three cross-country races because he sprinted ahead at the start and exhausted himself early. In the fourth race, he maintained a steady, measured pace, gradually passing exhausted runners to finish in second place.' Which message or theme is conveyed through Kevin's racing experience?

• AWinning first place is the only acceptable result in competition.
• BPatience and self-control lead to sustained success.
• CSprinting early is the most effective race strategy.
• DCross-country running requires expensive athletic equipment.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Julian spent months crafting a sculpture he believed would win first prize. When another artist won, Julian felt initial resentment. However, while examining the winning piece, he observed technique innovations that inspired him to refine his own sculpting craft.' How does Julian's emotional transition develop the story's central theme?

• AIt demonstrates that art competitions are unfair.
• BIt shows that true growth comes from learning from defeat rather than holding onto envy.
• CIt proves that winning awards is necessary for artistic validation.
• DIt suggests that artists should copy others' work exactly.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'An old lighthouse keeper guarded his journal fiercely, refusing to share his maritime experiences. Only when a young apprentice asked genuine questions about past shipwrecks did the keeper realize that stories lose their purpose if kept hidden away forever.' Which theme is most prominent in this passage?

• ALighthouses are no longer needed in modern navigation.
• BKnowledge and stories gain true value when shared with future generations.
• CKeeping secrets is essential for personal privacy.
• DYoung apprentices rarely respect older workers.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'After months of designing an automated garden irrigation system to combat the summer drought, Arthur finally turned on the main valve. At that exact moment, dark clouds opened up, delivering the heaviest torrential downpour of the entire year.' Which type of irony is depicted in this scenario, and why?

• AVerbal irony, because Arthur made a sarcastic comment about the rain.
• BSituational irony, because natural rainfall occurred precisely when artificial watering w…
• CDramatic irony, because the reader knew about the storm before Arthur did.
• DHistorical irony, because irrigation was invented long ago.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Looking at his younger brother's bedroom floor, which was covered in piles of dirty laundry, muddy shoes, and half-eaten snacks, Liam remarked, "Wow, you could host a royal banquet in this spotless palace!"' Which literary device is Liam using in his remark?

• ASituational irony
• BVerbal irony
• CMythological allusion
• DDramatic irony

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Victor boasted that his new security software was an "Achilles' heel to all cyber threats." However, security experts soon pointed out that his phrasing was backward, as his system contained a vulnerability that hackers easily exploited.' How does the allusion to "Achilles' heel" function in this passage?

• AIt highlights Victor's deep understanding of ancient Greek mythology.
• BIt underscores Victor's misuse of the term, ironically emphasizing the fatal weakness in…
• CIt proves that Victor's software is completely invulnerable to attack.
• DIt compares Victor's software developers to legendary warrior heroes.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'The theater audience watched breathlessly as the stage magician bragged about his escape-proof trunk lock. Meanwhile, the backstage crew had accidentally bumped the trunk, unlatching the rear trapdoor in full view of the crowd.' What form of irony is present in this scene?

• AVerbal irony
• BDramatic irony, because the audience knows the trapdoor is unlatched while the magician b…
• CSituational irony
• DNo irony is present

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Standing before the massive library stacks that reached all the way to the vaulted ceiling, Sophia smiled and whispered, "I feel like I've stepped right into the ancient Library of Alexandria."' Sophia's reference to the "Library of Alexandria" is an example of which literary device?

• AAllusion
• BVerbal irony
• CSituational irony
• DPersonification

Read the passage excerpt below: 'The town council ignored the environmental scientist's repeated warnings about building on the marshland, dismissing her as a "Cassandra of modern urban planning." Two years later, the foundations of the new complex sank five inches into the mud.' Why is the allusion to "Cassandra" fitting in this passage?

• ACassandra was a figure in Greek mythology whose accurate prophecies were disbelieved by t…
• BCassandra was an ancient architect famous for designing marshland structures.
• CCassandra was a fictional character known for making false claims.
• DCassandra was a historical ruler who built great coastal cities.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'The meteorologist spent twenty minutes explaining why the weekend would bring record-breaking heat and clear skies. As he walked out of the broadcast studio, he was immediately drenched by a sudden blizzard.' Which statement best analyzes the irony in this situation?

• AIt is verbal irony because the meteorologist lied to his audience.
• BIt is situational irony because the actual weather was the exact opposite of the expert's…
• CIt is dramatic irony because the audience knew about the storm before the meteorologist d…
• DIt is an allusion to ancient weather myths.

Read the passage excerpts below: Text A: 'In "The Flight of Icarus," young Icarus ignores his father Daedalus's warning not to fly too close to the sun. Delighted by freedom, he soars higher until the wax melting his wings sends him tumbling into the sea.' Text B: 'In "Phaethon's Chariot," Phaethon demands to drive his father Apollo's sun chariot to prove his divine origin. Unable to control the fiery steeds, he scorches the earth before being struck down by Zeus.' Which common theme is explored in both Text A and Text B?

• AChildren should never attempt to learn new skills.
• BReckless pride, overconfidence, and ignoring wise counsel lead to tragic downfalls.
• CFathers should never grant gifts to their sons.
• DSunlight is inherently dangerous to human health.

Read the summary excerpts below: Text A describes a hero who uses clever tricks and disguise to outsmart a giant monster guarding a mountain pass. Text B describes a heroine who uses mathematical riddles and logic to confuse a dragon guarding an ancient library. How do the protagonists in both Text A and Text B resolve their main conflict?

• ABy using physical brute force and heavy weapons.
• BBy employing intellect and strategic cleverness rather than physical strength.
• CBy requesting help from powerful armies.
• DBy retreating and abandoning their quests.

Read the excerpts below: Text A (Poem excerpt): Captures urban night streets filled with neon glare, screeching subway brakes, and rushing crowds where individuals feel isolated despite being surrounded by millions. Text B (Essay excerpt): Analyzes how modern urban architecture and digital communications reduce face-to-face interaction, contributing to social isolation in densely populated areas. What is a primary difference in how Text A and Text B approach the topic of urban isolation?

• AText A uses sensory imagery and emotional mood, while Text B uses analytical structure an…
• BText A focuses on rural farmland, while Text B focuses on deep-sea diving.
• CText A argues that cities are quiet, while Text B argues that cities are loud.
• DText A presents historical timelines, while Text B tells a fictional fable.

Read the story summaries below: Text A presents a story about a poor woodcutter who returns a magical golden bird to the forest and asks for nothing in return, bringing lasting harmony to his home. Text B presents a story about a woodcutter's greedy neighbor who captures the same bird and demands endless wealth until the bird vanishes, leaving him with nothing. How does the characterization in Text A contrast with that in Text B?

• AText A portrays selflessness and contentment, whereas Text B portrays destructive greed.
• BText A depicts anger, whereas Text B depicts forgiveness.
• CText A shows foolishness, whereas Text B shows wisdom.
• DBoth texts portray characters who seek supreme political power.

Read the text descriptions below: Text A is an ancient myth explaining the change of seasons through a goddess mourning her daughter's yearly return to the underworld. Text B is a science article explaining winter as the tilt of Earth's axis away from the sun during its annual orbit. How do the two texts differ in their explanation of the same natural phenomenon?

• AText A provides scientific data, while Text B uses mythical symbolism.
• BText A uses mythological storytelling and personification, while Text B relies on astrono…
• CText A explains summer, while Text B explains autumn.
• DBoth texts agree that winter is caused by atmospheric pollution.

Read the text descriptions below: Text A (Historical Fiction): Follows a young 19th-century factory worker describing the deafening clatter of looms and the shared camaraderie among workers during a strike. Text B (Historical Source): A 19th-century government report listing factory safety inspection records, working hours, and wage statistics. What unique perspective does Text A provide that Text B lacks?

• AVerified statistical wage data and official inspection dates.
• BThe personal sensory experience, emotional atmosphere, and human relationships of a worke…
• CThe exact legal statutes governing industrial labor.
• DAn objective summary of international trade policies.

Read the theme descriptions below: Text A tells the story of a traveler who explores distant lands, discovering that encountering new cultures expands one's understanding of humanity. Text B tells the story of a voyager who travels across the globe only to realize that true happiness and fulfillment were waiting in his hometown all along. Which statement best compares the thematic conclusions of Text A and Text B?

• AText A highlights the personal growth gained from outward exploration, while Text B empha…
• BBoth texts conclude that traveling is a wasteful endeavor.
• CText A promotes staying home, while Text B promotes permanent relocation.
• DNeither text addresses personal fulfillment.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'City Council should allocate $10 million to extend light rail lines into outer suburbs. Supporters argue this will reduce downtown traffic congestion. However, the proposal lacks projections on expected passenger ridership, maintenance costs, or environmental impacts.' Which critique best evaluates the sufficiency of evidence in the supporters' proposal?

• AThe proposal is strong because light rail projects are always popular.
• BThe proposal is insufficient because it lacks concrete data on ridership, costs, and envi…
• CThe proposal is invalid because suburban commuters do not work downtown.
• DThe proposal is complete because $10 million is an exact financial figure.

Read the passage excerpt below: '"We must immediately remove all vending machines from public schools because snack foods are bad for everyone," asserted a speaker during the school board meeting.' Why is the speaker's argument weak?

• AIt relies on peer-reviewed medical research.
• BIt relies on a sweeping generalization without providing factual evidence or distinguishi…
• CIt presents a detailed financial analysis of school budgets.
• DIt provides balanced viewpoints from nutrition experts.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Proponents of deep-sea mining claim extracting minerals from the ocean floor is essential for manufacturing green technology batteries without deforestation. Opponents argue that benthic ecosystems recover extremely slowly, citing a 2021 study showing zero microbial recovery at underwater test sites thirty years after seabed disruption.' How does the opponents' citation of the 2021 study strengthen their argument?

• AIt provides subjective personal opinions about marine aesthetics.
• BIt provides specific, empirical scientific data demonstrating long-term ecological damage.
• CIt proves that land-based mining causes no environmental impact.
• DIt shows that green technology batteries do not require metal minerals.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Dr. Lin argues that shifting high school start times from 7:30 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. improves student performance. She cites biological studies on teenage circadian rhythms and data from three school districts where attendance rose by 12% following schedule adjustments.' Which evaluation of Dr. Lin's argument is most accurate?

• AHer argument is well-supported because she combines biological sleep research with empiri…
• BHer argument is weak because attendance has no connection to student performance.
• CHer argument is flawed because teenagers should simply sleep earlier.
• DHer argument is incomplete because it ignores university class schedules.

Read the passage excerpt below: '"We should eliminate state funding for space exploration because my neighbor says the money is better spent repairing neighborhood roads," claimed a blog post.' Why is this argument unconvincing?

• AIt relies on anecdotal personal opinion rather than authoritative economic analysis or sc…
• BIt relies on complex mathematical formulas.
• CIt presents official government budget reports.
• DIt compares road infrastructure across several countries.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Author A asserts that diagnostic artificial intelligence will eliminate medical errors entirely within five years. However, the author relies exclusively on promotional quotes from AI software companies while omitting independent clinical trials or failure rate data.' What flaw in reasoning or evidence exists in Author A's claim?

• AAuthor A provides too much peer-reviewed clinical research.
• BAuthor A exhibits commercial bias and fails to present independent empirical evidence.
• CAuthor A focuses exclusively on ancient medical history.
• DAuthor A assumes medical errors are non-existent today.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'Building solar power plants in desert regions generates abundant clean energy. However, energy experts point out that transmitting electricity over long distances causes power loss unless high-cost high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines are constructed.' Which statement best describes how energy experts challenge the solar proposal?

• ABy arguing that solar panels generate chemical air pollution.
• BBy identifying practical technical and financial obstacles to long-distance energy transm…
• CBy claiming that desert regions receive insufficient sunlight.
• DBy stating that cities no longer require electrical power.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'The city archivist argues that digitizing historical paper records protects rare documents from permanent loss, noting that high-resolution scanning allows public access while original manuscripts remain safely stored in climate-controlled vaults.' What makes the archivist's argument logical and sound?

• AIt directly connects digital scanning to preserving physical paper while expanding public…
• BIt recommends destroying old paper documents once digitized.
• CIt claims paper records are completely worthless.
• DIt proves cloud storage servers operate without any energy cost.

Read the passage excerpt below: 'A municipal study found that banning single-use plastic grocery bags reduced plastic waterway litter by 65%. However, environmental analysts note that paper bag consumption rose by 180%, increasing municipal carbon emissions due to the higher energy required to manufacture paper bags.' How do environmental analysts use evidence to present a balanced view of the plastic bag ban?

• ABy denying that plastic litter decreased in waterways.
• BBy introducing data that reveals unexpected environmental trade-offs (higher carbon emiss…
• CBy claiming paper bags are made from synthetic plastic.
• DBy recommending that stores eliminate all customer packaging completely.

Read the passage excerpts below: Text 1: 'A 2024 workplace study reported that remote workers completed 14% more individual tasks per day due to fewer office distractions and reduced commuting fatigue.' Text 2: 'A 2024 business survey found that remote teams experienced a 22% decline in spontaneous collaborative problem-solving and longer onboarding times for new hires.' How do Text 1 and Text 2 present conflicting findings regarding remote work?

• AText 1 highlights gains in individual daily productivity, whereas Text 2 points out losse…
• BText 1 claims remote work is illegal, while Text 2 claims it is mandatory.
• CText 1 analyzes agricultural workers, while Text 2 analyzes software engineers.
• DBoth texts conclude that remote work has no effect on organizations.

Read the passage excerpts below: Text A: 'Modern zoos serve a critical role in global biodiversity by breeding endangered species and raising public awareness for wildlife conservation.' Text B: 'Commercial zoos confine wild animals to artificial enclosures, prioritizing human entertainment over authentic natural habitat preservation.' What is the primary point of conflict between Text A and Text B?

• AWhether wild animals require water to survive.
• BWhether zoos function as valuable conservation centers or ethical detriments to animal we…
• CWhether admission prices for zoos are affordable.
• DWhether animals live longer in warmer climates.

Read the passage excerpts below: Text 1: 'Economic historians highlight how 19th-century industrialization raised overall living standards, expanded middle-class access to manufactured goods, and built modern infrastructure.' Text 2: 'Social historians emphasize how 19th-century factory growth caused severe urban crowding, unsanitary living conditions, child labor exploitation, and lowered worker life expectancy.' Why do Text 1 and Text 2 draw contrasting conclusions about industrialization?

• AText 1 relies on fictional novels, while Text 2 relies on modern sci-fi.
• BText 1 focuses on macroeconomic growth and consumer availability, while Text 2 focuses on…
• CText 1 examines ancient Rome, while Text 2 examines modern Europe.
• DBoth texts analyze the exact same statistical metrics.

Read the passage excerpts below: Text A: 'Indoor vertical farming uses 95% less water than traditional agriculture and eliminates the need for chemical pesticides through controlled environment growing.' Text B: 'Vertical farms consume vast amounts of electrical energy to power artificial LED lighting, creating a significant carbon footprint unless connected to renewable power.' How do the two texts present contrasting arguments regarding vertical farming?

• AText A emphasizes environmental benefits in water and pesticide reduction, while Text B h…
• BText A claims vertical farming is outdoors, while Text B claims it is indoors.
• CText A opposes technological agriculture, while Text B supports it.
• DBoth texts conclude traditional outdoor farming is completely obsolete.