A man has a deep laceration at the fibular neck after a motorcycle crash. On examination, he cannot dorsiflex the foot and has sensory loss over the dorsum of the foot. Which nerve is most likely injured?
Anatomy Histology
Question · Easy
Doctor lie detector test
Short
After thyroid surgery, a patient develops persistent hoarseness and difficulty abducting the vocal cord on laryngoscopy. Which structure was most likely injured?
Chapter 1: PLE Structure, Eligibility & Study Strategy
1.1 PLE Format, 2026 Schedule & the Statutory Passing Rule
Study guide
A biopsy of normal skin from the palm shows a thick epidermis designed to resist abrasion. What type of epithelium lines this surface?
Nursing & Healthcare Exam Prep Podcast
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Podcast
A man with cirrhosis develops massive hematemesis from esophageal varices. The varices form at an anastomosis between the left gastric vein and which systemic vein?
Question · Medium
A groin bulge passes medial to the inferior epigastric vessels through Hesselbach triangle. Which diagnosis best fits this anatomy?
Km or Vmax: an aria of rivals
A patient with cavernous sinus thrombosis first develops inability to abduct the right eye before other ocular motor deficits appear. Which nerve is most vulnerable because it runs centrally within the sinus next to the internal carotid artery?
Question · Hard
1.2 Eligibility, Internship, PRC Filing & Test-Day Rules
During cardiac auscultation, the second heart sound is heard at the end of systole. What event primarily produces S2?
Physiology
A sedated patient hypoventilates and retains carbon dioxide. Which acid-base disorder is expected first?
A dehydrated patient secretes more antidiuretic hormone. In the kidney, ADH increases water reabsorption mainly by inserting which channel into collecting duct principal cells?
Pulmonary function testing in a patient with pulmonary fibrosis shows reduced total lung capacity and reduced FEV1, but the FEV1/FVC ratio is normal or increased. What physiologic abnormality explains this pattern?
1.3 Reading the 2025 Tables of Specifications & Building a Study Plan
A patient has hypertension, muscle weakness, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, suppressed plasma renin, and elevated aldosterone. Which mechanism best explains these findings?
The plateau phase of the ventricular myocyte action potential is most directly maintained by which ionic movement?
During dynamic exercise, cardiac output rises substantially, yet mean arterial pressure increases only modestly. Which change in the systemic circulation best explains this?
A child develops jaundice and dark urine after taking an oxidant drug. The smear shows bite cells. Which deficient pathway best explains this hemolysis?
Biochemistry
Chapter 2: Physiology I: Cells, Blood, Nerve & Muscle
2.1 Homeostasis, Cell Function, Membrane Transport & Resting Potential
An enzyme is studied with and without a reversible competitive inhibitor. Which kinetic change is expected when the inhibitor is added?
A newborn screening result suggests phenylketonuria. Which dietary plan is most appropriate to prevent neurologic injury?
A male infant has vomiting, lethargy, respiratory alkalosis, hyperammonemia, and increased orotic acid. Which urea-cycle disorder is most likely?
A febrile patient with sepsis has increased tissue oxygen demand. Which change shifts the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the right and improves oxygen unloading?
2.2 Blood Cells, Immunity, Hemostasis, Fibrinolysis & Blood Distribution
An undernourished patient with alcoholism presents with confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. Why should thiamine be given before a dextrose load?
A patient has chronic cough, weight loss, night sweats, and a sputum smear showing acid-fast bacilli. Which infection-control measure is most appropriate while pulmonary tuberculosis is being evaluated?
Microbiology Parasitology
A patient in a dengue-endemic community presents with high fever, severe myalgia, retro-orbital pain, and thrombocytopenia. Which vector is most commonly responsible for transmission?
A man has dysentery after unsafe water exposure. Colon biopsy shows flask-shaped ulcers, and stool microscopy reveals trophozoites with ingested red blood cells. Which organism is most likely?
2.3 Action Potentials, Conduction, the Neuromuscular Junction & Muscle Contraction
After wading through floodwater, a farmer develops fever, calf tenderness, conjunctival suffusion, jaundice, and renal dysfunction. Which pathogen best explains this presentation?
A child is bitten on the hand by an unvaccinated stray dog, producing a transdermal wound with bleeding. After immediate wound washing, what post-exposure prophylaxis is indicated for this category of rabies exposure?
A patient from a malaria-endemic area has fever, anemia, and parasitemia with multiple delicate ring forms in red blood cells. Which Plasmodium species is most associated with severe cerebral malaria?
A patient has sustained fever, abdominal discomfort, relative bradycardia, and rose spots after ingesting contaminated food. Which diagnostic test is most useful early in the illness?
Chapter 3: Physiology II: Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems
3.1 Cardiac Electrophysiology, the Cardiac Cycle & the Heart as a Pump
A patient develops new-onset seizures. Brain imaging shows multiple cystic lesions with calcifications. The infection is traced to ingestion of eggs from a human tapeworm carrier, not to eating cysticerci in pork. Which condition is this?
A patient dies after a large cerebral infarct. Histology of the affected brain tissue weeks later shows enzymatic digestion with a liquid center. Which type of necrosis is expected?
Pathology
A lung biopsy in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis shows granulomas with central acellular eosinophilic debris. What term best describes this pattern?
A child develops edema and heavy proteinuria after a recent upper respiratory infection. Renal biopsy is normal by light microscopy, but electron microscopy shows diffuse podocyte foot process effacement. Which diagnosis is most likely?
3.2 Circulation: Resistance, Venous Return, Coronary Flow, Microcirculation & Fetal Circulation
A man with long-standing gastroesophageal reflux has distal esophageal biopsy showing nonciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. What is the major clinical significance?
A young adult develops migratory polyarthritis after untreated pharyngitis and later has a new murmur. Myocardial biopsy would most characteristically show which lesion?
A septic patient develops diffuse oozing from venipuncture sites. Laboratory tests show thrombocytopenia, prolonged PT and aPTT, low fibrinogen, and high D-dimer. Which process is occurring?
A child with a germline RB1 mutation develops retinoblastoma after the remaining normal allele is lost in a retinal cell. Which cancer genetics principle does this illustrate?
3.3 Respiratory Mechanics, Gas Exchange, Gas Transport, Control of Breathing & Extreme Environments
Two weeks after impetigo, a child develops cola-colored urine, periorbital edema, hypertension, and low complement. Immunofluorescence shows granular immune complex deposition. Which hypersensitivity mechanism is responsible?
A patient with hypertension develops a dry cough after starting an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Accumulation of which mediator most likely explains the cough?
Pharmacology Therapeutics
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