PRC Speech-Language Pathologist Licensure Examination, Philippines

Which of the following intrinsic laryngeal muscles is the sole abductor of the vocal folds?

• APosterior cricoarytenoid
• BLateral cricoarytenoid
• CCricothyroid
• DThyroarytenoid

Broca's area is located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere and corresponds to which Brodmann areas?

• ABrodmann areas 44 and 45
• BBrodmann areas 22 and 39
• CBrodmann areas 41 and 42
• DBrodmann areas 40 and 43

Taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is mediated by which cranial nerve?

• ACranial Nerve VII
• BCranial Nerve V
• CCranial Nerve IX
• DCranial Nerve XII

What is the correct anatomical sequence of the five layers of the human vocal fold, from superficial to deep?

• AEpithelium, Superficial lamina propria, Intermediate lamina propria, Deep lamina propria,…
• BEpithelium, Superficial lamina propria, Deep lamina propria, Intermediate lamina propria,…
• CMucosa, Submucosa, Intermediate lamina propria, Vocalis muscle, Thyroarytenoid muscle
• DEpithelium, Intermediate lamina propria, Superficial lamina propria, Deep lamina propria,…

During a swallow, what is the primary biological mechanism responsible for preventing food or liquid from entering the nasal cavity?

• AVelopharyngeal closure
• BEpiglottic inversion
• CVocal fold adduction
• DLaryngeal elevation

A child who produces the sentence 'The dogs are barking outside' has used how many morphemes?

• A7 morphemes
• B5 morphemes
• C6 morphemes
• D8 morphemes

Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, with the exception of the palatoglossus muscle?

• ACranial Nerve XII
• BCranial Nerve V
• CCranial Nerve VII
• DCranial Nerve X

According to Brown's Stages of Language Development, at what age range does the grammatical morpheme 'regular plural -s' typically emerge?

• A27 to 30 months
• B19 to 22 months
• C31 to 34 months
• D35 to 40 months

Which structural bundle of white matter fibers connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area, enabling the repetition of spoken words?

• AArcuate fasciculus
• BCorpus callosum
• CInternal capsule
• DSuperior longitudinal stria

Which of the following describes the correct motor pathway that controls voluntary speech production from the cerebral cortex to the cranial nerve nuclei?

• ACorticobulbar tract
• BCorticospinal tract
• CVestibulospinal tract
• DRubrospinal tract

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the sensory and motor aspects of the cough reflex, velar elevation, and vocal fold adduction?

• ACranial Nerve X
• BCranial Nerve IX
• CCranial Nerve VII
• DCranial Nerve XI

In the developmental acquisition of speech sounds, which of the following phoneme classes is typically mastered first by children?

• ANasals and Stops
• BFricatives and Affricates
• CGlides and Liquids
• DInterdental and Palatals

Which muscle of the velopharyngeal mechanism is primarily responsible for dilating the Eustachian tube to equalize middle ear pressure during swallowing?

• ATensor veli palatini
• BLevator veli palatini
• CPalatoglossus
• DSalpingopharyngeus

A child is observed producing the word 'soap' as [toʊp] and 'sun' as [tʌn]. Which phonological process is this child demonstrating?

• AStopping
• BFronting
• CGliding
• DDeaffrication

Which Brodmann area corresponds to Wernicke's area, located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere?

• ABrodmann area 22
• BBrodmann area 44
• CBrodmann area 39
• DBrodmann area 41

What is the primary action of the cricothyroid muscle during phonation?

• ATensing and lengthening the vocal folds to increase fundamental frequency
• BAbducting the vocal folds to terminate voicing
• CAdducting the vocal folds to initiate voicing
• DShortening and thickening the vocal folds to lower pitch

During language development, the 'vocabulary spurt' or rapid expansion of expressive vocabulary typically occurs at what age range?

• A18 to 24 months
• B12 to 15 months
• C24 to 30 months
• D9 to 12 months

Which of the following cortical lesions is most likely to result in Apraxia of Speech?

• ALesion in the left insula and inferior frontal gyrus
• BLesion in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus
• CLesion in the bilateral occipital lobes
• DLesion in the right hemisphere parietal lobe

Which structural component of the auditory system is responsible for converting mechanical sound vibrations into electrical neural impulses?

• AOrgan of Corti
• BTympanic membrane
• COssicular chain
• DVestibular system

What neurological tract is responsible for conveying general sensory information (touch, temperature, pain) from the face and oral cavity to the sensory cortex?

• ATrigeminal lemniscal pathway
• BSpinothalamic tract
• CCorticobulbar tract
• DDorsal column-medial lemniscal tract

What represents the typical age of elimination for the phonological process of 'Velar Fronting' in developing children?

• ABy 3.5 to 4 years
• BBy 2 years
• CBy 5 to 6 years
• DBy 7 years

The primary motor cortex, which initiates voluntary muscle contractions for speech structures, is located in which anatomical landmark?

• APrecentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
• BPostcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
• CSuperior temporal gyrus
• DInferior frontal gyrus

During vocal fold vibration, which physical phenomenon explains how the sudden drop in air pressure pulls the vocal folds back together?

• ABernoulli effect
• BMyoelastic theory
• CAcoustic impedance
• DBoyle's law

A child who has a Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) of 3.0 is typically in which of Brown's Stages of Language Development?

• AStage III
• BStage II
• CStage IV
• DStage V

Which anatomical structure acts as the primary protector of the airway during a swallow by tilting downward to cover the laryngeal inlet?

• AEpiglottis
• BThyroid cartilage
• CTrue vocal folds
• DFalse vocal folds

A client who exhibits fluent, empty speech filled with neologisms, jargon, and severely impaired auditory comprehension and repetition likely has which type of aphasia?

• AWernicke's aphasia
• BBroca's aphasia
• CConduction aphasia
• DTranscortical sensory aphasia

Which clinical phenomenon refers to a speech disorder in children characterized by inconsistency in consonant and vowel productions across repeated trials, lengthened coarticulatory transitions, and inappropriate prosody?

• AChildhood Apraxia of Speech
• BDevelopmental Dysarthria
• CPhonological Delay
• DSevere Articulation Disorder

A client who speaks with a strained-strangled voice quality, slow speech rate, monopitch, and hypernasality following bilateral upper motor neuron lesions likely presents with which type of dysarthria?

• ASpastic dysarthria
• BFlaccid dysarthria
• CAtaxic dysarthria
• DHyperkinetic dysarthria

Which of the following describes the voice disorder characterized by the growth of bilateral, symmetrical, benign lesions on the superficial lamina propria, typically at the junction of the anterior one-third and posterior two-thirds of the vocal folds?

• AVocal fold nodules
• BVocal fold polyps
• CContact ulcers
• DVocal fold cysts

During a swallow, what represents the primary physiological distinction between 'penetration' and 'aspiration'?

• APenetration is entry of material into the laryngeal vestibule above the true vocal folds;…
• BPenetration is entry of material into the trachea; aspiration is entry of material into t…
• CPenetration is entry of material into the larynx; aspiration is entry of material into th…
• DPenetration is nasal regurgitation; aspiration is entry into the vocal tract.

Which cleft type is most frequently associated with hypernasality, nasal emission during pressure consonants, and compensatory articulation errors such as glottal stops?

• ASubmucous cleft palate
• BUnilateral cleft lip only
• CBilateral cleft lip only
• DIsolated prepalate cleft

A clinician is evaluating a child who presents with normal receptive language skills but displays a severe delay in expressive language, with normal motor speech and no physical abnormalities. What is the most appropriate diagnostic label for this presentation?

• ADevelopmental Language Disorder
• BChildhood Apraxia of Speech
• CSpastic Dysarthria
• DSelective Mutism

A client who exhibits rapid, irregular speech rate, frequent omission or slurring of syllables, excessive normal disfluencies, and a lack of awareness of their communication deficits is demonstrating signs of:

• ACluttering
• BStuttering
• CApraxia of Speech
• DSpasmodic Dysphonia

A patient with traumatic brain injury (TBI) exhibits deficits in topic maintenance, turn-taking, understanding non-literal language (sarcasm, idioms), and appropriate social proximity. These deficits are characteristic of an impairment in which language domain?

• APragmatics
• BSemantics
• CSyntax
• DPhonology

Which physiological deficit in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing is the primary cause of vallecular residue after the swallow?

• AReduced base-of-tongue retraction
• BReduced pharyngeal constrictor contraction
• CReduced laryngeal elevation
• DIncomplete upper esophageal sphincter opening

Which type of non-fluent aphasia is characterized by effortful, reduced speech output, relatively preserved auditory comprehension, and surprisingly intact repetition skills?

• ATranscortical motor aphasia
• BBroca's aphasia
• CGlobal aphasia
• DMixed transcortical aphasia

Which pediatric feeding disorder is characterized by a child persistently rejecting foods of specific textures, smells, or temperatures, leading to nutritional deficiencies, in the absence of motor or structural deficits?

• ASensory-based feeding disorder
• BOral-motor dysphagia
• CPharyngeal dysphagia
• DGastroesophageal reflux disease

A child who produces 'spoon' as [pun], 'blue' as [bu], and 'play' as [peɪ] is demonstrating which developmental phonological process?

• ACluster reduction
• BWeak syllable deletion
• CFinal consonant deletion
• DCoalescence

Which dysarthria type is associated with damage to the cerebellar system, presenting with slurred speech, dysprosody, 'excess and equal stress', and irregular articulatory breakdowns?

• AAtaxic dysarthria
• BFlaccid dysarthria
• CSpastic dysarthria
• DHypokinetic dysarthria

Which of the following is considered a secondary (or concomitant) behavior of stuttering rather than a primary stuttering behavior?

• AEye blinking and facial tension
• BPart-word repetition
• CAudible prolongation
• DSilent block

A client who presents with voice hoarseness and breathiness is found to have a unilateral fluid-filled lesion on the vocal fold cover, which developed after a single episode of loud screaming at a concert. This lesion is most likely a:

• AVocal fold polyp
• BVocal fold nodule
• CLaryngeal web
• DContact ulcer

Which pediatric population is at the highest risk for middle ear effusion (otitis media with effusion) and subsequent conductive hearing loss due to anatomical velopharyngeal dysfunction?

• AChildren with cleft palate
• BChildren with Down syndrome
• CChildren with Cerebral Palsy
• DChildren with Childhood Apraxia of Speech

A patient displays slow, effortful, non-fluent speech, with relatively preserved auditory comprehension, but severely impaired repetition skills. Which type of cortical aphasia does this describe?

• ABroca's aphasia
• BTranscortical motor aphasia
• CGlobal aphasia
• DWernicke's aphasia

A child who produces 'key' as [ti] and 'go' as [doʊ] is demonstrating velar fronting. If this process is still used by a child at age 6, this indicates a:

• APhonological disorder
• BNormal developmental delay
• CApraxia of speech
• DDysarthria

Which cranial nerve lesion is most likely to cause unilateral vocal fold paralysis, resulting in breathy dysphonia and an increased risk of aspiration?

• ARecurrent laryngeal nerve branch of Cranial Nerve X
• BExternal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
• CCranial Nerve IX
• DCranial Nerve VII

A client who exhibits severe right-sided neglect, flat affect, difficulty understanding humor or sarcasm, and deficits in visual-spatial tasks following a stroke most likely had a stroke in which area?

• ARight cerebral hemisphere
• BLeft cerebral hemisphere
• CCerebellum
• DBrainstem

In pediatric dysphagia, a 'suck-swallow-breathe' incoordination is most commonly observed in infants with which developmental condition?

• ACerebral Palsy
• BCleft lip only
• CChildhood Apraxia of Speech
• DDevelopmental Language Disorder