PRC Optometrist Licensure Examination (OLE), Philippines

A ray of light traveling from water (n = 1.33) into air (n = 1.0) strikes the interface at an angle of incidence of 40°. What is the approximate angle of refraction?

• A58.5°
• B25.4°
• C40°
• D90°

The critical angle for glass with a refractive index of 1.52 relative to air is approximately:

• A41.1°
• B33.2°
• C56.3°
• D48.8°

A thin convex lens of power +5.00 D forms an image of an object placed 50 cm in front of it. Using the vergence (thin lens) equation, where is the image formed?

• A33.3 cm behind the lens
• B20 cm behind the lens
• C10 cm in front of the lens
• DInfinity

Which type of aberration causes the image of a point object located off the optical axis to appear as a comet-shaped blur?

• AComa
• BSpherical aberration
• CAstigmatism
• DDistortion

The wavelength of light in a medium with refractive index 1.5 when the wavelength in vacuum is 600 nm is:

• A400 nm
• B600 nm
• C900 nm
• D300 nm

Which type of chromatic aberration results in different-sized images at different wavelengths even when all wavelengths are in focus at the same plane?

• ALateral (transverse) chromatic aberration
• BLongitudinal (axial) chromatic aberration
• CSpherical aberration
• DField curvature

In a prism, the minimum deviation angle occurs when the ray inside the prism travels:

• AParallel to the base of the prism
• BPerpendicular to the first refracting surface
• CAlong the apex angle bisector from outside
• DParallel to the apex

Accommodation in the human eye is primarily produced by:

• AIncrease in the curvature of the crystalline lens due to ciliary muscle contraction
• BElongation of the eyeball by extraocular muscle tension
• CPupillary dilation to allow more light to enter
• DRelaxation of the ciliary muscle increasing zonular tension

A patient has an amplitude of accommodation of 4.00 D and a near point of clear vision at 25 cm. Where is their far point?

• A100 cm (1 meter) in front of the eye
• BAt infinity
• C25 cm in front of the eye
• D50 cm behind the eye

Panum's fusional area refers to:

• AThe region of binocular single vision surrounding the horopter within which disparate ret…
• BThe blind spot corresponding to the optic disc in each eye
• CThe central foveal zone responsible for highest visual acuity
• DThe area of maximum stereoscopic depth perception beyond the horopter

The Maddox rod test is primarily used to assess:

• ADissociated phoria (latent deviation)
• BStereopsis
• CContrast sensitivity
• DColour vision

Which of the following best describes stereopsis?

• ADepth perception arising from horizontal retinal image disparity between the two eyes
• BMonocular cue to depth based on overlapping of objects
• CThe ability to detect luminance differences between bright and dark areas
• DThe angular difference between the optical and visual axes of the eye

In the Duane classification of convergence insufficiency, the patient most commonly shows exodeviation that is:

• AGreater at near than at distance
• BEqual at near and distance
• CGreater at distance than at near
• DPresent only at distance

Which test uses a series of bars of varying spatial frequencies to assess the entire spatial vision system?

• AContrast sensitivity function (CSF) test
• BSnellen acuity chart
• CHirschberg test
• DAmsler grid

The Worth 4-dot test is used to evaluate:

• ABinocular status—fusion, suppression, or diplopia—under dissociated conditions
• BIntraocular pressure
• CStereoacuity threshold
• DCorneal topography

During retinoscopy, if the reflex moves in the same direction as the sweep (with-motion), the patient's refractive error is:

• AHyperopia or less myopia than the working distance lens
• BMyopia exceeding the working distance correction
• CEmmetropia with no ametropia
• DPresbyopia

A patient's subjective refraction is written OD: −2.50 − 1.00 × 180 (minus-cylinder form). Which option is the correct plus-cylinder transposition of this prescription?

• A−3.50 + 1.00 × 090
• B−2.50 + 1.00 × 090
• C−3.50 − 1.00 × 090
• D−1.50 − 1.00 × 180

The duochrome (bichrome) test uses red and green targets to refine the subjective refraction because:

• AChromatic aberration makes red and green wavelengths focus at slightly different points o…
• BRed and green wavelengths have identical focal lengths in the human eye
• CGreen light stimulates rods while red light stimulates cones
• DRed wavelengths are shorter than green wavelengths

During a cover test, a patient's covered eye is observed to move outward (abduct) when the cover is placed. This finding indicates:

• AEsotropia (convergent manifest strabismus)
• BExotropia (divergent manifest strabismus)
• CEsophoria
• DOrthophoria

In the standard subjective refraction sequence, the Jackson Cross Cylinder (JCC) is used primarily to:

• ARefine the cylinder power and axis of a correcting lens
• BMeasure the accommodative amplitude at near
• CDetermine the far point of the eye
• DAssess binocular balance between the two eyes

A patient has a Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) of 20/200 in the right eye since early childhood with no organic pathology found. The diagnosis is:

• AAmblyopia
• BGlaucoma
• CCentral serous chorioretinopathy
• DOptic atrophy

The expected addition power for a 55-year-old presbyope for comfortable near work at 40 cm is approximately:

• A+2.50 D
• B+1.00 D
• C+3.50 D
• D+0.50 D

The Humphrey visual field test uses which stimulus presentation strategy to compute threshold sensitivity?

• AFull Threshold or Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm (SITA)
• BKinetic perimetry only
• CRed target on white background using confrontation
• DRandom dot stereogram presentation

When performing a slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination, the Van Herick technique assesses:

• AAnterior chamber angle depth
• BCorneal endothelial cell density
• CCrystalline lens nuclear color
• DVitreous syneresis

In automated keratometry, the two principal meridians measured correspond to the two axes of corneal curvature that are:

• AMutually perpendicular and represent the flattest and steepest corneal meridians
• BParallel and represent the superior and inferior corneal curvatures
• COblique and unrelated to the axis of astigmatism
• DMeasured only centrally without accounting for peripheral corneal shape

Which intraocular pressure measurement technique is considered the gold standard in clinical practice?

• AGoldmann applanation tonometry (GAT)
• BNon-contact (air-puff) tonometry
• CSchiotz indentation tonometry
• DRebound tonometry

Which low vision device uses a positive lens held at its focal distance from the eye to provide a magnified, erect, virtual image of near objects?

• AStand magnifier
• BGalilean telescope
• CKeplerian telescope
• DHand magnifier held at arm's length

A child presents with esotropia and hyperopia. Correcting the full hyperopic refractive error often reduces the esotropia because:

• AReducing the accommodative demand decreases the associated convergence (accommodative eso…
• BPlus lenses diverge the eyes optically
• CHyperopia does not affect convergence
• DThe correction relaxes the extraocular muscles directly

Under Philippine law (RA 7277, the Magna Carta for Persons with Disability) and the international standard, legal blindness is defined as a best corrected visual acuity of:

• A20/200 or less in the better eye, or visual field of 20° or less
• B20/100 or less in the better eye
• C20/400 or less in both eyes
• DCF (counting fingers) at 1 meter in the worse eye

In sports vision optometry, dynamic visual acuity (DVA) refers to:

• AVisual acuity measured while either the observer or the target is in motion
• BStatic Snellen acuity tested under photopic conditions
• CThe minimum angle of resolution for stationary high-contrast targets
• DStereoacuity threshold during binocular fixation

In vision therapy for convergence insufficiency, the most commonly prescribed home-based exercise is:

• APencil push-ups (near point of convergence training)
• BPatching of the dominant eye
• CPrism reading glasses
• DCycloplegic drops to relax ciliary muscle

Orthokeratology (ortho-K) lenses are designed primarily to:

• ATemporarily reshape the corneal epithelium to reduce myopia during wear-free daytime hours
• BCorrect high astigmatism permanently
• CTreat keratoconus by reinforcing collagen fibers
• DDeliver antibiotics to the anterior segment over extended periods

A 7-year-old presents with constant unilateral right esotropia. The priority management step before any surgery is:

• AFull cycloplegic refraction and prescription of spectacles, with amblyopia treatment if p…
• BImmediate surgical correction of the esotropia
• CPrescription of prism glasses to align images
• DOrthoptic exercises to increase fusional convergence

In occupational and industrial optometry, a patient working at a computer 60 cm away requires a dedicated computer zone. The optimal addition power for this distance is approximately:

• A+1.67 D
• B+2.50 D
• C+3.00 D
• D+0.75 D

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of keratoconus on corneal topography?

• AInferior corneal steepening with a skewed radial axis
• BSymmetric bowtie pattern with no inferior steepening
• CUniform flat corneal curvature across all meridians
• DSuperior steepening with a flat inferior cornea

A soft contact lens has a base curve of 8.6 mm and a diameter of 14.2 mm. In prescribing, base curve selection is guided primarily by:

• AThe corneal curvature (K readings) and overall corneal diameter (HVID)
• BThe patient's spectacle prescription power only
• CThe lens material's oxygen permeability (Dk) only
• DThe pupil size in dim illumination

The Dk/t (transmissibility) value of a contact lens is important because it determines:

• AThe amount of oxygen that reaches the cornea through the lens
• BThe refractive index and image quality of the lens
• CThe lens center thickness and edge thickness ratio
• DThe UV-blocking ability of the lens material

When fitting a rigid gas-permeable (RGP) contact lens, the fluorescein pattern showing a dark central zone, green mid-peripheral ring, and dark peripheral zone indicates:

• AAn alignment fit (on-K or slightly flat K)
• BA steep fit (excessive central pooling)
• CA flat fit (apical touch)
• DAn optimal steep peripheral curve

A patient with −5.00 D myopia in spectacles wants contact lenses. The contact lens power should be approximately:

• A−4.75 D (adjusted for vertex distance)
• B−5.00 D (same as spectacle power)
• C−5.25 D (more minus for contacts)
• D−4.00 D (significantly reduced)

In ophthalmic dispensing, the minimum fitting height for a progressive addition lens is determined by:

• AThe distance from the pupil center to the lowest point of the frame (fitting depth)
• BThe bridge width of the frame only
• CThe lens material's Abbe value
• DThe patient's pupillary distance alone

In ophthalmic lens dispensing, a high-index lens material (n = 1.74) is chosen over CR-39 (n = 1.50) primarily because:

• AIt produces thinner lenses for the same prescription power
• BIt has a higher Abbe number (less chromatic aberration)
• CIt is lighter per unit volume than CR-39
• DIt is more scratch-resistant without coating

The Abbe value (V-number) of a lens material is inversely related to:

• AThe amount of chromatic aberration produced by the lens
• BThe refractive index of the material
• CThe hardness of the material
• DThe UV-blocking capacity of the lens

Which contact lens complication is most directly associated with limbal neovascularization?

• AExtended wear hypoxia
• BGiant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC)
• CMicrobial keratitis
• DSuperior epithelial arcuate lesion (SEAL)

Which multifocal contact lens design uses concentric alternating distance and near zones to achieve simultaneous vision?

• AConcentric (annular) zone design
• BTranslating (alternating) bifocal design
• CAspheric front surface design
• DPrism-ballasted monovision design

Timolol maleate (0.5%) ophthalmic solution reduces intraocular pressure primarily by:

• ADecreasing aqueous humor production by blocking β-adrenergic receptors in the ciliary body
• BIncreasing trabecular outflow of aqueous humor
• CDecreasing uveoscleral outflow
• DConstricting the pupil to open the trabecular meshwork