UEE History (ЭЕШ Түүх) (Mongolia)

What is the primary distinguishing motif carved on the classic Bronze Age 'deer stones' (буган хөшөө) found throughout central and northern Mongolia?

• AStylized deer depicted in flying gallop with elongated bird-like beaks and ornate antlers
• BEquestrian warriors hunting wild steppe sheep with composite recurve bows
• CRunic inscriptions praising the military victories of nomadic tribal khagans
• DGeometric spiral petroglyphs representing agricultural harvest cycles

Which Bronze Age archaeological culture of eastern and central Mongolia is characterized by rectangular stone slab burial enclosures and bronze daggers?

• AAfanasievo culture
• BSlab Grave culture (Дөрвөлжин булшны соёл)
• CPazyryk culture
• DOkunevo culture

In what year did Modun Shanyu ascend the throne of the Xiongnu Empire after eliminating his father Touman with the aid of whistling arrows (исгэрдэг сум)?

• A318 BCE
• B60 BCE
• C119 BCE
• D209 BCE

How was the administrative and territorial governance of the Xiongnu Empire structured beneath the supreme authority of the Shanyu?

• AA dual bureaucracy dividing agrarian southern sedentary populations from northern pastora…
• BA centralized system of eight provinces governed by appointed civil governors (jün)
• CA tripartite division into the Center under the Shanyu, the Left (Eastern) Wing, and the…
• DAn autonomous confederation of twelve independent clan councils without fixed territorial…

Which historic confrontation in 200 BCE resulted in the Han Emperor Gaozu being besieged by Modun Shanyu, leading to the establishment of the Heqin (harmonious alliance) treaty system?

• ABattle of Mayi
• BBattle of Mobei
• CBattle of Baideng
• DBattle of Ikh Bayan

The Khoit Tsenkher cave (Хойд Цэнхэрийн агуй) in Mankhan soum, Khovd aimag, is best known for which kind of prehistoric evidence?

• ARed-brown painted animal figures on the cave walls dating to the Upper Paleolithic
• BBronze Age deer stones carved with flying deer
• COld Turkic runic memorial inscriptions
• DXiongnu aristocratic log-chamber tombs with silk textiles

In 2020, Mongolian archaeologists announced the definitive discovery of the Xiongnu political and ritual center 'Luut Khot' (Dragon City / Longcheng) at which site?

• AKherlen Bars Khot in Dornod province
• BTüshiin Buteel in Uvs province
• CKhöshöö Tsaidam in Arkhangai province
• DKheregsüriin Denj in Ölziit soum, Arkhangai province

Which set of developments is characteristic of the Neolithic (New Stone Age) rather than the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)?

• AThe first use of roughly chipped stone choppers and hand-axes
• BThe smelting of iron ore to make weapons and tools
• CPolished (ground) stone tools, pottery, and the beginnings of farming and settled life
• DThe casting of bronze daggers and horse harness fittings

Which charismatic leader united the disparate Xianbei tribes in the mid-2nd century CE and established a powerful nomadic confederation centered at Mount Danhan?

• ATanshihuai
• BKebineng
• CTuoba Gui
• DMurong Huang

The Mesolithic–Neolithic site of Tamsagbulag in Dornod aimag is important in Mongolian prehistory because it provides:

• AThe remains of the Xiongnu ritual center Luut Khot
• BThe earliest Old Turkic runic inscriptions
• CUpper Paleolithic cave paintings of mammoths
• DEarly evidence of settled dwellings and farming implements such as hoes and grinding ston…

Which ruler of the Rouran Khaganate was the first steppe monarch to officially assume the supreme title of 'Khagan' (Qaghan) in 402 CE?

• ABumin
• BShelun (Yujiulü Shelun)
• CMugulü
• DDaitang

In 622 CE the Prophet Muhammad and his followers moved from Mecca to Medina. What is this event called, and why is it significant?

• AThe Hajj; it established the annual pilgrimage to Mecca
• BThe First Crusade; it began the struggle for Jerusalem
• CThe Hijra; it marks the starting point (year 1) of the Islamic calendar
• DThe Battle of Badr; it ended the Umayyad Caliphate

What tribal group, originally serving as blacksmith subjects (төмөрчин) to the Rouran, revolted under Bumin and founded the First Turkic Khaganate in 552 CE?

• AAshina Turks (Gök Turks)
• BShatuo Turks
• CKarluks
• DBasmyls

The famous 8th-century Orkhon stelae at Khöshöö Tsaidam were carved in Old Turkic runic script to commemorate which two prominent leaders?

• ABumin Khagan and Istemi Yabgu
• BBilge Khagan and his brother Kul Tigin
• CBayanchur Khagan and Boku Khagan
• DModun Shanyu and Huhanye Shanyu

Which Frankish king was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome on Christmas Day in the year 800?

• ACharlemagne (Charles the Great)
• BClovis I
• COtto I
• DJustinian I

In 1453, Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire, was captured by which power?

• AThe armies of the Fourth Crusade
• BThe Golden Horde
• CThe Seljuk Turks
• DThe Ottoman Turks under Sultan Mehmed II

What was the capital city of the Uyghur Khaganate (744–840 CE), situated on the bank of the Orkhon River in present-day Arkhangai province?

• ALuut Khot
• BBars Khot
• CKarakorum
• DOrdu-Baliq (Karabalghasun / Хар балгас)

Which religion did the Uyghur ruler Boku Khagan (Tengri Bögü Khagan) adopt as the official state religion in 762/763 CE after aiding the Tang dynasty against the An Lushan rebellion?

• ANestorian Christianity
• BManichaeism
• CTibetan Gelug Buddhism
• DZoroastrianism

What event in 840 CE brought an abrupt end to the Uyghur Khaganate on the Mongolian plateau?

• AA surprise invasion by the Yenisei Kyrgyz from the north, who captured and burned Ordu-Ba…
• BA total drought that wiped out all pasturelands, causing peaceful absorption into the Tan…
• CAn offensive led by Genghis Khan that incorporated Uyghur scribes into the Great Mongol S…
• DA civil war between Manichaean and Buddhist sects that led to voluntary mass emigration t…

Which Chinese dynasty (618–907), with its capital at Chang'an, is remembered for flourishing Silk Road trade, cosmopolitan culture, and the wider use of civil service examinations?

• AThe Han dynasty
• BThe Song dynasty
• CThe Tang dynasty
• DThe Ming dynasty

According to the 'Secret History of the Mongols' (Монголын нууц товчоо), what was the birthplace of Temüjin (Genghis Khan)?

• AKhödöö Aral on the Kherlen River
• BDelüün Boldog on the Onon River
• CBurkhan Khaldun peak in the Khentii Mountains
• DAltan Tevsh valley near modern Ulaanbaatar

Who was Temüjin's sworn brother (anda) who initially helped him rescue his wife Börte from the Merkits, but later became his fiercest rival for supremacy over the steppe?

• AToghrul (Ong Khan)
• BTayan Khan
• CJamukha (Жамуха)
• DKhasar

At which decisive battle in 1204 did Temüjin defeat Tayan Khan of the Naimans, removing the last major steppe confederation standing in the way of unified Mongol rule?

• ABattle of Dalan Baljut
• BBattle of Chakirmaut (Mount Nakhu)
• CBattle of the Kalka River
• DBattle of Parwan

Around 988, Prince Vladimir (Volodymyr) the Great of Kievan Rus adopted which religion for his state?

• AIslam, following contacts with Volga Bulgaria
• BLatin (Roman) Catholicism under the authority of the Pope
• CJudaism, the faith of the neighboring Khazar elite
• DOrthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire

What did Magna Carta, sealed by King John of England in 1215, mainly establish?

• AThe abolition of the English monarchy and the creation of a republic
• BThe right of every adult man and woman to vote in elections
• CThe principle that the king was subject to the law and could not rule arbitrarily over hi…
• DThe separation of the Church of England from the Pope in Rome

Under the decimal military and administrative reorganization enacted by Genghis Khan in 1206, how many 'Myangans' (units of 1,000 households/warriors) were initially created across the Great Mongol State?

• A95 Myangans
• B40 Myangans
• C150 Myangans
• D300 Myangans

Which pope called the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont in 1095, a campaign that captured Jerusalem in 1099?

• APope Leo III
• BPope Gregory VII
• CPope Innocent IV
• DPope Urban II

Which of the following principles was a prominent legal stipulation of Genghis Khan's Great Yassa (Их Засаг хууль)?

• AImposition of mandatory conversion to Tengrism on all subjugated sedentary populations
• BProhibition of all overland commercial trade conducted by foreign Muslim or Nestorian mer…
• CStrict exemption of religious clergy, teachers, doctors, and places of worship from taxat…
• DEstablishment of hereditary serfdom binding all nomadic herdsmen to a single permanent se…

Who founded Japan's first shogunate at Kamakura, receiving the title of shogun (military ruler) in 1192?

• ATokugawa Ieyasu
• BOda Nobunaga
• CMinamoto no Yoritomo
• DAshikaga Takauji

Which scholar and scribe from the defeated Naiman confederation was commissioned by Genghis Khan in 1204 to adapt the vertical Uyghur script for the Mongolian language?

• ATatar-Tonga (Тататунга)
• BMahmud Yalavach
• CDrogön Chögyal Phagpa
• DChormaqan Noyan

Which kingdom was the target of Genghis Khan's first major external expedition in 1209 and the site of his final military campaign in 1226–1227?

• AJin Empire (Jurchen)
• BKhwarazmian Empire
• CWestern Xia (Tangut kingdom / Ся улс)
• DQara Khitai (Western Liao)

Which city, built on an island in Lake Texcoco, was the capital of the Aztec Empire until its conquest by Hernán Cortés in 1521?

• ATenochtitlan
• BCuzco
• CChichen Itza
• DMachu Picchu

What incident prompted Genghis Khan to launch the invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire in 1219?

• AThe assassination of the Mongol general Muqali in Transoxiana
• BThe slaughter of a 450-man Mongol trade caravan and diplomatic mission at the border city…
• CThe formation of an anti-Mongol military alliance between Khwarazm and the Pope in Rome
• DThe refusal of Khwarazmian merchants to use silver ingots for Silk Road trade

Under medieval Western European feudalism, what did a vassal usually receive from his lord in return for loyalty and military service?

• AA fixed salary paid in paper money
• BFull citizenship and a vote in a national parliament
• CExemption from all obligations to the Church
• DA fief, usually a grant of land with its peasants, to hold and draw income from

In the division of territorial appanages (ulus) among Genghis Khan's four main sons, which son inherited the ancestral hearth (Ezen Gol / homeland of Mongolia)?

• AJochi
• BChagatai
• CTolui (Толуй)
• DÖgedei

Which ruler was formally enthroned as the second Great Khan at the Kurultai of Khödöö Aral in 1228/1229 and established Karakorum (Хархорум) as the walled capital of the Mongol Empire?

• AGüyük Khaan
• BÖgedei Khaan (Өгэдэй хаан)
• CMöngke Khaan
• DKublai Khaan

In 1492, which navigator, sailing for the Spanish crown in search of a western sea route to Asia, reached islands of the Caribbean?

• AVasco da Gama
• BFerdinand Magellan
• CChristopher Columbus
• DBartolomeu Dias

In April 1241, Mongol armies under Batu, Subutai, Baidar, and Kadan achieved coordinated simultaneous victories in Central Europe at which two historic battles?

• ABattle of Legnica (Liegnitz) in Poland and Battle of Mohi (Sajó River) in Hungary
• BBattle of Kulikovo in Russia and Battle of Ankara in Anatolia
• CBattle of Ain Jalut in Palestine and Battle of Baghdad in Iraq
• DBattle of Yarmouk in Syria and Battle of Manzikert in Armenia

Which event of 1517 is usually taken as the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?

• AKing Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy making him head of the Church of England
• BThe opening of the Catholic Council of Trent
• CThe Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War
• DMartin Luther's Ninety-five Theses criticizing the sale of indulgences

What major shift in the succession of the Great Khaganate occurred at the Kurultai of 1251 under the leadership of Batu Khan?

• AThe imperial throne was returned permanently to the descendants of Jochi in Sarai
• BThe succession transferred from the line of Ögedei to the line of Tolui with the election…
• CThe Great Khanship was abolished in favor of a rotating council of four tribal princes
• DThe Chagatai ulus absorbed all other appanages into a single Central Asian state

Which Mongol prince, acting on the orders of his brother Möngke Khaan, captured Baghdad in 1258, executed Caliph al-Musta'sim, and founded the Ilkhanate dynasty in the Middle East?

• ABatu Khan
• BBerke Khan
• CAriq Böke
• DHulagu Khan (Хүлэгү хаан)

What internal conflict between 1260 and 1264 fractured the unity of the Mongol Empire following the sudden death of Möngke Khaan?

• AThe Toluid Civil War between Kublai and his younger brother Ariq Böke
• BThe war between Subutai and Jebe over the Russian conquests
• CThe peasant rebellion led by the White Lotus society in Karakorum
• DThe war of succession between Jochi and Chagatai

In 1271, Kublai Khaan adopted the dynastic title 'Da Yuan' (Great Yuan / Их Юань улс) and established his primary winter capital at:

• AKarakorum
• BDadu / Khanbaliq (modern Beijing)
• CSarai
• DTabriz

The Declaration of Independence adopted on 4 July 1776 announced the separation of which colonies from Great Britain?

• AThe provinces of British Canada
• BThe British colonies in India
• CThe thirteen British colonies in North America that became the United States
• DThe Australian penal colonies

Which document, adopted by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, proclaimed liberty, equality before the law, and national sovereignty?

• AMagna Carta
• BThe Napoleonic (Civil) Code
• CThe English Bill of Rights
• DThe Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin in the late 18th century, driven by mechanized textile production and James Watt's improved steam engine?

• AGreat Britain
• BFrance
• CRussia
• DJapan

Which treaty ended the First Opium War between Britain and Qing China in 1842 and ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain?

• AThe Treaty of Nerchinsk
• BThe Treaty of Shimonoseki
• CThe Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking)
• DThe Treaty of Kyakhta

What was the Meiji Restoration that began in Japan in 1868?

• AThe founding of Japan's first shogunate at Kamakura
• BThe return of the Tokugawa shogun to power after a civil war
• CA decree closing Japan to all foreign trade and missionaries
• DThe restoration of direct imperial rule, ending the Tokugawa shogunate and launching rapi…