Traditional Medicine Doctor Licensing Examination (Уламжлалт анагаах ухааны их эмчийн мэргэжлийн үйл ажиллагаа эрхлэх зөвшөөрлийн шалгалт, Mongolia)

In Traditional Mongolian Medicine, which of the five types of хий (rlung, wind) is seated in the crown of the head and governs swallowing, inhalation, alertness of the senses and mental clarity?

• ASrog-'dzin rlung (амь баригч хий, life-sustaining wind)
• BGyen-rgyu rlung (дээш гүйгч хий, upward-moving wind)
• CMe-mnyam rlung (гал тэгшитгэгч хий, fire-accompanying wind)
• DThur-sel rlung (уруу арилгагч хий, downward-clearing wind)

A 45-year-old patient presents with postprandial abdominal fullness, cold epigastric bloating, and incomplete separation of clear chyme from digestive dross. Which physiological subtype of rlung is malfunctioning?

• AKhyab-byed rlung (түгээмэл гүйгч хий, pervasive wind)
• BMe-mnyam rlung (гал тэгшитгэгч хий, fire-accompanying wind)
• CSrog-'dzin rlung (амь баригч хий, life-sustaining wind)
• DGyen-rgyu rlung (дээш гүйгч хий, upward-moving wind)

A postpartum female experiences obstinate constipation, urinary hesitation, and tenesmus without mechanical pelvic obstruction. In Traditional Mongolian Medicine, this clinical pattern represents impaired flow of which humor subtype?

• A'Ju-byed mkhris (digestive bile)
• BSbyor-byed badkan (connecting phlegm)
• CThur-sel rlung (уруу арилгагч хий, downward-clearing wind)
• DKhyab-byed rlung (түгээмэл гүйгч хий, pervasive wind)

Which subtype of rlung (wind) is headquartered in the heart, circulates throughout all bodily channels, and coordinates bodily extension, flexion, lifting, walking, and opening and closing of bodily apertures?

• AMe-mnyam rlung (гал тэгшитгэгч хий, fire-accompanying wind)
• BGyen-rgyu rlung (дээш гүйгч хий, upward-moving wind)
• CSrog-'dzin rlung (амь баригч хий, life-sustaining wind)
• DKhyab-byed rlung (түгээмэл гүйгч хий, pervasive wind)

A patient recovering from a cerebrovascular event presents with dysarthria, hoarseness, loss of vocal strength, and sluggish memory retrieval. Which humor subtype is primarily compromised?

• AGyen-rgyu rlung (дээш гүйгч хий, upward-moving wind)
• BThur-sel rlung (уруу арилгагч хий, downward-clearing wind)
• CMyong-byed badkan (tasting phlegm)
• DMdangs-sgyur mkhris (complexion-transforming bile)

According to the Four Tantras (Jud-Shi) in Traditional Mongolian Medicine, which group represents the six cardinal qualities (yon-tan) of rlung (khii / wind)?

• AOily, sharp, hot, light, foul-smelling, and purgative
• BRough, light, cool, subtle, hard, and mobile
• COily, cool, heavy, blunt, smooth, and stable
• DHot, dry, sharp, rough, heavy, and immobile

Which of the five subtypes of mkhris (shar / bile) is located in the stomach and duodenum, acts as the root of all metabolic heat, and digests ingested nutrients?

• ASgrub-byed mkhris (Accomplishing bile)
• BMdangs-sgyur mkhris (Complexion-transforming bile)
• C'Ju-byed mkhris (Digestive bile)
• DMddog-gsal mkhris (Radiance-clarifying bile)

A patient with chronic hepatopathy exhibits scleral icterus, muddy pigmentation of the skin, and abnormal hematogenesis. Which subtype of mkhris is primarily impaired?

• ASrog-'dzin rlung (Life-sustaining wind)
• BMthong-byed mkhris (Sight-giving bile)
• CRten-byed badkan (Supporting phlegm)
• DMdangs-sgyur mkhris (Complexion-transforming bile)

Which subtype of mkhris (shar) resides in the heart and is responsible for mental courage, determination, cognitive enthusiasm, and the accomplishment of desired goals?

• ASgrub-byed mkhris (Accomplishing bile)
• B'Ju-byed mkhris (Digestive bile)
• CMthong-byed mkhris (Sight-giving bile)
• DMddog-gsal mkhris (Radiance-clarifying bile)

A patient presents with nyctalopia (night blindness), photophobia, and blurred vision following prolonged exposure to scorching heat and intense sunlight. Which bile subtype is directly affected?

• ASgrub-byed mkhris (Accomplishing bile)
• BMthong-byed mkhris (Sight-giving bile)
• CMyong-byed badkan (Tasting phlegm)
• DKhyab-byed rlung (Pervasive wind)

In Traditional Mongolian Medicine, which subtype of badkan (badgan / phlegm) is located in the chest and provides structural support, moisture, and coolness to the remaining four phlegm subtypes?

• AMyong-byed badkan (Tasting phlegm)
• BMyag-byed badkan (Decomposing phlegm)
• CRten-byed badkan (Supporting phlegm)
• DSbyor-byed badkan (Connecting phlegm)

Which subtype of badkan (phlegm) is situated in the upper stomach and macerates, softens, and decomposes ingested solid food into a smooth liquid chyme?

• ASbyor-byed badkan (Connecting phlegm)
• BRten-byed badkan (Supporting phlegm)
• CTshim-byed badkan (Satisfying phlegm)
• DMyag-byed badkan (Decomposing phlegm)

A patient with chronic upper respiratory catarrh complains of ageusia (complete inability to distinguish the six tastes of food). Which badkan subtype is dysfunctional?

• AMyong-byed badkan (Tasting phlegm)
• BMyag-byed badkan (Decomposing phlegm)
• CTshim-byed badkan (Satisfying phlegm)
• DSbyor-byed badkan (Connecting phlegm)

A 60-year-old herder complains of bilateral knee stiffness, crepitus, and restricted joint flexion that worsens in damp, freezing weather. In TMM, which badkan subtype has become deficient or congested?

• ARten-byed badkan (Supporting phlegm)
• BSbyor-byed badkan (Connecting phlegm)
• CMdangs-sgyur mkhris (Complexion-transforming bile)
• DMe-mnyam rlung (Fire-accompanying wind)

In the sequential metabolic transformation of the Seven Bodily Constituents (lus zungs bdun), what is the correct physiological order of tissue generation from clear nutrient chyme (dwangs-ma)?

• ANutrient essence -> Blood -> Adipose fat -> Muscle flesh -> Marrow -> Bone -> Regenerativ…
• BNutrient essence -> Muscle flesh -> Blood -> Bone -> Adipose fat -> Marrow -> Regenerativ…
• CNutrient essence -> Blood -> Muscle flesh -> Adipose fat -> Bone -> Marrow -> Regenerativ…
• DBlood -> Nutrient essence -> Muscle flesh -> Bone -> Adipose fat -> Regenerative fluid ->…

When reading the radial pulse (судас барих) in Traditional Mongolian Medicine, where does the physician place the index finger (tson)?

• AOver the brachial artery at the cubital fossa
• BThree finger-breadths proximal to the wrist crease
• COver the anatomical snuffbox on the back of the wrist
• DAbout one thumb-width proximal to the first wrist crease, with the middle (kan) and ring…

In Four Tantras pharmacology, medicines act through eight potencies (nus-pa brgyad). Which two potencies are used to counter rlung (хий, wind) disorders?

• AHeavy and oily
• BCool and blunt
• CLight and rough
• DHot and sharp

In Four Tantras pharmacology, medicinal substances possess a set number of therapeutic qualities that are matched against the twenty characteristics of the three disorders (хий, шар, бадган). How many therapeutic qualities are described?

• AEight
• BSeventeen
• CTwenty
• DSix

A patient's radial pulse feels empty, floating, and disappears when heavy pressure is applied, resembling an inflated bladder bobbing on water. Which humoral disorder does this pulse indicate?

• ABadkan (Badgan / Phlegm)
• BMkhris (Shar / Bile)
• CRlung (Khii / Wind)
• DBlood heat (Khrag-tsha)

Which of the following pulse characteristics is classical for an acute mkhris (shar / bile) heat disorder?

• AIntermittent, slow, and soft like dripping water
• BDeep, slow, soft, and indistinct
• CFloating, empty, and easily obliterated by gentle touch
• DThin, rapid, taut, and vibrating like a plucked lute string

What are the cardinal diagnostic features of a pure badkan (badgan / phlegm) cold pulse upon radial palpation?

• ASunken, deep, slow, weak, and sluggish
• BRapid, overflowing, bounding, and superficial
• CTaut, wiry, thin, and burning
• DEmpty, erratic, coarse, and floating

On visual inspection of the tongue (khel shinjikh), a patient displays a tongue that is vivid red, dry, rough, fissured with cracks, and has tiny raised red papillae along the margins. This appearance indicates:

• APredominance of badkan (badgan / phlegm)
• BPredominance of rlung (khii / wind)
• CExcess of cold fluids in the lungs
• DPure lymphatic stagnation

Which lingual presentation is most characteristic of a patient suffering from an acute mkhris (bile / shar) heat disorder?

• ACompletely smooth, beefy-red tongue without any coating or moisture
• BPale, swollen tongue with prominent teeth marks and white slippery coating
• CThick, greasy yellowish coating accompanied by a bitter taste in the mouth
• DBluish-black dry tongue with deep transversal fissures

A patient with indigestion presents with a tongue that is pale, soft, flabby, and covered with a thick, sticky, whitish coating. This tongue appearance confirms which diagnostic state?

• ASevere dehydration from rlung
• BAcute mkhris heat toxicity
• CHeart blood heat stagnation
• DBadkan (Phlegm) cold disorder

In the classical preparation for morning urine analysis (shees shinjikh), what instructions must the physician provide to the patient regarding the preceding evening?

• AAvoid alcohol, strong tea, raw foods, sexual intercourse, and excessive fluid intake the…
• BFast completely from fluids for 24 hours prior to collection
• CIngest large amounts of yogurt and sour milk to stimulate sediment
• DCollect the first drop immediately after midnight

During traditional urine analysis, which specific parameters are inspected while the specimen is in the 'warm/fresh' stage immediately after voiding?

• APost-cooling scum, sediment density, and film thickness
• BColor, steam/vapor quantity and duration, and odor
• CPresence of microscopic casts and protein crystals
• DSpecific gravity using a glass hydrometer

A patient's freshly voided morning urine is bluish and clear like spring water, and it forms large bubbles that burst quickly without leaving a film. This pattern suggests:

• AA primary badkan (phlegm) cold disorder
• BA primary mkhris (shar / bile) heat disorder
• CA primary rlung (khii / wind) disorder
• DSevere renal stone formation

Which of the following describes the characteristic urine profile of an acute mkhris (shar / bile) disorder?

• ABrownish-black color with thick flocculent sediment settling immediately
• BMilky white color, absent steam, sweet odor, and thick persistent lather
• CClear, watery, odorless, with large transient bubbles
• DReddish-yellow or deep orange color, copious long-lasting steam, pungent odor, and tiny r…

A 52-year-old patient presents with chronic digestive weakness. Visual inspection of the morning urine shows a whitish, milky turbidity, faint odor, minimal steam that dissipates immediately, and dense foam resembling saliva that persists for hours. What is the diagnosis?

• ABadkan (badgan / phlegm) disorder
• BAcute gallbladder inflammation (mkhris)
• CSystemic blood heat crisis
• DSevere dehydration from hot wind

In Traditional Mongolian pharmacology, each of the six tastes arises from two of the five elements. Which pair produces the pungent (hot) taste?

• AEarth and wind
• BFire and wind
• CWater and wind
• DFire and earth

In Traditional Mongolian pharmacology, the six fundamental tastes (ro zurgai) are derived from the five elemental components. Which pair of elements generates the Sweet taste (amttai / mngar-ba)?

• AWater and Fire
• BFire and Earth
• CEarth and Water
• DAir and Water

Following gastric digestion and metabolic transformation, into which three post-digestive tastes (zhu-jes) do the six primary tastes convert?

• APungent and Bitter convert to Pungent; Sweet, Sour, and Salty convert to Sweet
• BAll six tastes convert uniformly into a neutral sweet post-digestive taste
• CSweet converts to Sweet; Sour and Salty convert to Salty; Bitter converts to Pungent
• DSweet and Salty convert to Sweet; Sour remains Sour; Bitter, Pungent, and Astringent conv…

Which potencies (nus-pa) are used to counter badkan (бадган, phlegm) disorders?

• ALight, rough, hot and sharp
• BHeavy, oily, cool and blunt
• CCool and blunt only
• DHeavy and oily only

Мана-4 тан (Manu-4 decoction) is one of the most widely used Mongolian traditional decoctions. For which condition is it classically given?

• AChronic kidney stones in a cold constitution
• BEarly-stage colds and influenza with fever
• CActive bleeding from a peptic ulcer
• DLong-standing insomnia from dry хий in the elderly

Which classical decoction is widely used in Mongolia, alongside Мана-4 тан, for influenza and other infectious fevers?

• AАгар-8 (Agar-8)
• BЗадь-5 (Zadi-5)
• CНоров-7 тан (Norbu-7 decoction)
• DЛиш-25 (Lish-25)

A 38-year-old patient presents with anxiety, palpitations, insomnia, emotional volatility, and a sensation of wind churning inside the chest. Which classical agarwood-based powder formula is most appropriate?

• AШижид-6 (Shijid-6)
• BМана-4 тан (Manu-4 decoction)
• CНоров-7 тан (Norbu-7 decoction)
• DAgar-8 (Агар-8)

In Mongolian traditional pharmacotherapy, formulas are chosen according to which type of хий is disturbed. Which formula is listed for disorders of амь баригч хий (srog-'dzin rlung, life-sustaining wind)?

• AСорогжин-11 (Sorogjin-11)
• BШижид-6 (Shijid-6)
• CЗандан-8 (Zandan-8)
• DЛиш-25 (Lish-25)

Which medicinal spice serves as the chief ingredient (gtso-bo) in the classical formulation Dzati-5 (Dza-ti lnga), indicated for heart palpitations, sighing, and insomnia?

• AClove (Syzygium aromaticum / Li-shi)
• BNutmeg (Myristica fragrans / Dza-ti)
• CCardamom (Elettaria cardamomum / Ka-ko-la)
• DBlack pepper (Piper nigrum / Na-le-sham)

While a patient is taking medicines to suppress a хий (rlung) disorder, which dietary restriction does Mongolian traditional teaching advise?

• AAvoid bone broth
• BAvoid butter (шар тос)
• CAvoid cool foods and drinks
• DAvoid brown sugar (бурам)

Traditional medicine doctors must also interpret biomedical findings. Under the KDIGO classification of chronic kidney disease, which estimated GFR range defines category G3b?

• A60-89 mL/min/1.73 m²
• B45-59 mL/min/1.73 m²
• C15-29 mL/min/1.73 m²
• D30-44 mL/min/1.73 m²

A 66-year-old man attending a traditional medicine clinic for chronic back pain suddenly develops slurred speech, drooping of the right side of his face and weakness of the right arm; his daughter says the symptoms began 40 minutes ago. What should the traditional medicine doctor do?

• ACall 103 immediately for emergency transfer to a hospital that can assess him for stroke…
• BApply moxibustion to the neck and reassess after one hour
• CGive a warming хий formula and advise rest at home
• DPerform bloodletting to lower the blood pressure before arranging transfer

In Traditional Mongolian and Tibetan pharmacy, what is the purpose of Tsothel (btso-thal) processing?

• ATo grind raw cinnabar into a fine powder for direct use without further treatment
• BTo detoxify mercury, through prolonged processing with sulfur and other minerals, into a…
• CTo dissolve mercury in vinegar so it can be given as a tincture
• DTo evaporate mercury completely so that only the herbal ingredients remain

Medicinal butters (De-tsa / sman-mar) formulated with aged yak butter or clarified cow ghee are therapeutically indicated in TMM for which class of patients?

• APatients with severe acute food poisoning and persistent greasy diarrhea
• BObese patients with acute gallbladder empyema and acute jaundice
• CElderly, emaciated, or debilitated individuals suffering from chronic dry rlung disorders
• DPatients with acute damp-heat dysentery and high fever

What is the role of the 'medicine vehicle' (эмийн хөлөг, sman-rta) taken with a traditional remedy?

• AIt is a preservative that extends the medicine's shelf life
• BIt neutralizes the medicine's potency to prevent side effects
• CIt is a binder used to press powders into pills
• DIt is taken with the medicine to carry and support its action toward the disorder being t…

Aconite roots (Aconitum species, хөнтүү) are highly toxic. Why must they be processed, for example by prolonged boiling or soaking, before use in traditional compounding?

• ATo hydrolyze the highly toxic diester alkaloids such as aconitine into far less toxic mon…
• BTo convert aconitine into a cardiac glycoside with positive inotropic effects
• CTo increase the aconitine content so that smaller doses can be used
• DTo remove the bitter taste without changing the root's toxicity

In the foundational pathology of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, all diseases are classified under which overarching dichotomy?

• AInfectious airborne diseases and Chronic genetic diseases
• BHot disorders (Tsha-ba) and Cold disorders (Grang-ba)
• CUpper cranial disorders and Lower extremity disorders
• DSuperficial epidermal diseases and Deep bone marrow diseases

What is Medrod (Me-drod / gastric digestive fire) in TMM clinical internal medicine, and why is its preservation considered the paramount objective in managing chronic illnesses?

• AA psychological state of intense emotional aggression
• BAn acute pathological fever that must be extinguished immediately with cold water
• CThe primary metabolic heat that digests food, generates the seven bodily constituents, an…
• DA localized cutaneous inflammation caused by insect stings