Concours Direct d'Entrée à l'ENSup de Bamako (Mali)

According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage of intellectual development typically begins during early adolescence (around 11 to 12 years) and characterizes secondary school learners?

• AConcrete operational stage
• BFormal operational stage
• CSensorimotor stage
• DPreoperational stage

A learner cannot solve a new algebra problem alone but succeeds when a teacher supplies a sequence of guiding questions. In Vygotsky's framework, how should this task and support be described?

• AThe task is beyond the learner's Zone of Proximal Development because any assistance inva…
• BThe task is below the learner's Zone of Proximal Development because the learner has alre…
• CThe task is within the learner's Zone of Proximal Development, and the guiding questions…
• DThe task measures only the difference between the learner's chronological age and mental…

In the Competence-Based Approach (Approche par les Compétences - APC), how is a pedagogical competence primarily defined?

• AThe accumulation of subject knowledge demonstrated mainly through accurate recall
• BThe capacity to mobilize an integrated set of internal and external resources to successf…
• CThe mastery of one procedure through repeated execution under identical conditions
• DA general personal aptitude inferred from a learner's rank within a reference group

After reading students' exit tickets, a teacher notices a shared misconception and redesigns the next lesson to address it. Which use of assessment does this best illustrate?

• ASummative certification, because the tickets establish a final credential
• BFormative assessment, because evidence gathered during learning is used to adjust instruc…
• CNorm-referenced selection, because the teacher ranks students against one another
• DAdministrative discipline, because the tickets document attendance

According to John Sweller's Cognitive Load Theory, which type of cognitive load is caused by poorly designed instructional materials and unnecessary distractions that impede learning?

• AIntrinsic cognitive load
• BExtraneous cognitive load
• CGermane cognitive load
• DTotal cognitive load

In didactics, how did Yves Chevallard define the concept of 'didactic transposition' (la transposition didactique)?

• AThe translation of a scholarly text into another language without selecting or reorganizi…
• BThe process whereby scholarly academic knowledge (savoir savant) is transformed into know…
• CThe reverse process by which classroom knowledge is converted into new scholarly research…
• DThe sequencing of exercises within one lesson after the curricular content has already be…

In B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning framework, which mechanism describes the strengthening of a behavior through the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus?

• APositive reinforcement
• BNegative reinforcement
• CPositive punishment
• DExtinction

In differentiated instruction (pédagogie différenciée), which instructional dimension is being modified when a teacher provides students with diverse ways to explore ideas and make sense of content (e.g., visual models, guided practice, collaborative inquiry)?

• AThe learning environment
• BThe process (les processus d'apprentissage)
• CThe summative grading scale
• DThe official national curriculum syllabus

Under the Anderson and Krathwohl revised Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives, which sequence represents the cognitive domain from the lowest to the highest level of complexity?

• ARemembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, Creating
• BRemembering, Applying, Evaluating, Understanding, Creating, Analyzing
• CUnderstanding, Remembering, Analyzing, Applying, Creating, Evaluating
• DCreating, Evaluating, Analyzing, Applying, Understanding, Remembering

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which developmental crisis is central to the adolescent life stage (ages 12 to 18)?

• ATrust vs. Mistrust
• BAutonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• CIndustry vs. Inferiority
• DIdentity vs. Role Confusion

In modern constructivist didactics, what is the specific role of a 'situation-problème' in initiating conceptual learning?

• ATo demonstrate a fully worked procedure before learners attempt an equivalent task
• BTo provoke a productive cognitive conflict by placing students before a challenge where t…
• CTo sequence routine exercises from low to high computational complexity without changing…
• DTo confirm mastery through a task that uses the same representation and procedure already…

When an educator administers an assessment at the very beginning of a new academic term or curriculum unit to evaluate learners' prerequisite skills and preconceptions, what type of evaluation is being conducted?

• ASummative assessment (évaluation sommative)
• BDiagnostic assessment (évaluation diagnostique)
• CNormative certification assessment
• DPlacement assessment used to assign learners to course levels

In Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, which construct describes an individual's belief in their own capability to organize and execute the actions required to attain designated pedagogical or performance outcomes?

• ASelf-actualization
• BSelf-efficacy (le sentiment d'efficacité personnelle)
• CLocus of external control
• DCollective unconscious

In Jean Houssaye's pedagogical triangle model, which relational axis is prioritized when the instructional posture focuses predominantly on the relationship between the teacher and knowledge (Enseignant — Savoir), often casting the student in a listening or receptive role?

• AThe 'Learn' axis (l'axe apprendre)
• BThe 'Train' axis (l'axe former)
• CThe 'Teach' axis (l'axe enseigner)
• DThe didactic-contract axis (l'axe du contrat didactique)

What is the defining characteristic of a criterion-referenced assessment (évaluation critériée) compared to a norm-referenced assessment (évaluation normative)?

• ALearner performance is interpreted strictly relative to explicit, predetermined objective…
• BLearner performance is interpreted relative to the score distribution and standing of a r…
• CLearner performance is compared primarily with that same learner's earlier performance
• DLearner performance is judged from an examiner's overall impression without explicit perf…

In cognitive psychology (John Flavell), what is the primary distinction between cognitive strategies and metacognitive strategies?

• ACognitive strategies are used to execute a task, whereas metacognitive strategies are use…
• BCognitive strategies regulate motivation, whereas metacognitive strategies directly perfo…
• CCognitive strategies are specific to one school subject, whereas metacognitive strategies…
• DCognitive strategies are always conscious, whereas metacognitive monitoring occurs only a…

In his seminal work 'La Formation de l'esprit scientifique' (1938), philosopher Gaston Bachelard introduced the concept of the 'epistemological obstacle' (l'obstacle épistémologique). How does this concept apply to secondary science education?

• AIt is a missing prerequisite fact that can be corrected simply by supplying the informati…
• BIt describes intuitive everyday observations, common-sense illusions, and verbal habits t…
• CIt is any scientific concept whose mathematical level exceeds the learner's current curri…
• DIt is a difficulty caused only by unfamiliar scientific terminology

In docimology (the scientific study of examinations, founded by Henri Piéron), what is the 'halo effect' (l'effet de halo) that threatens assessment objectivity?

• AThe tendency of an examiner's general impression or prior perception of a student to unco…
• BThe tendency of an examiner to award consistently higher or lower marks than the shared r…
• CThe tendency for the quality of one script to alter the mark given to the next script rev…
• DThe tendency to avoid very high and very low marks by clustering scores near the middle

In the social developmental psychology of the Geneva School (Willem Doise and Gabriel Mugny), how does 'socio-cognitive conflict' (conflit socio-cognitif) promote intellectual development in peer collaboration?

• ABy exposing a learner to a peer's correct answer without requiring either learner to expl…
• BBy confronting different peer perspectives on the same task, requiring learners to coordi…
• CBy having the teacher settle the disagreement before learners compare their strategies
• DBy grouping learners who already use the same representation and reach the same conclusion

In Guy Brousseau's Theory of Didactic Situations in mathematics, what is the 'Topaze effect' (l'effet Topaze)?

• AWhen a teacher treats an ordinary student response as evidence that the learner has disco…
• BWhen an educator, facing a student's difficulty or hesitation, modifies the task or gives…
• CWhen the class discussion shifts from the mathematical problem to general advice about ho…
• DWhen a familiar analogy is retained after it stops representing the target concept accura…

Which Paris student journal, launched in 1935 and associated with Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor, and Léon-Gontran Damas, became a key early forum for the ideas of Négritude?

• ALa Revue du Monde Noir
• BL'Étudiant noir
• CPrésence Africaine
• DTropiques

Which renowned Malian author and ethnologist wrote 'L'Étrange destin de Wangrin' (published in 1973 and awarded the Grand Prix littéraire d'Afrique noire in 1974) and addressed UNESCO in 1960 regarding African oral tradition?

• AYambo Ouologuem
• BMassa Makan Diabaté
• CAmadou Hampâté Bâ
• DSeydou Badian Kouyaté

Which major philosophical and literary movement of 18th-century Europe, represented by Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Diderot, championed critical rationalism, religious tolerance, and the progress of human knowledge against dogmatism?

• ALe Romantisme
• BLes Lumières (The Enlightenment)
• CLa Pléiade
• DLe Naturalisme

In stylistics and rhetoric, which figure of speech is demonstrated when an author uses a related attribute, instrument, or container to designate a concept or entity (e.g., 'boire un verre' or 'la Maison Blanche a déclaré')?

• AOxymoron
• BMetonymy (métonymie)
• CHyperbole
• DLitotes

In Gérard Genette's narratology, what type of focalization occurs when the narrative events are restricted strictly to what a specific character perceives, knows, and feels?

• AZero focalization (focalisation zéro / omniscient)
• BInternal focalization (focalisation interne)
• CExternal focalization (focalisation externe)
• DFree indirect discourse (discours indirect libre)

In René Descartes' 'Discours de la méthode' (1637), what is the foundational philosophical realization reached through methodical doubt (le doute méthodique)?

• AThat sensory experience is the sole foundation of indisputable scientific truth
• BThat even if everything else is doubted, the very act of doubting proves the existence of…
• CThat the existence of the external material world is established before the existence of…
• DThat methodical doubt eliminates every possible certainty, including the existence of the…

Which historic distinction was achieved by Malian novelist Yambo Ouologuem with the publication of 'Le Devoir de violence' in 1968?

• AIt received the Grand Prix littéraire d'Afrique noire awarded by the Association des écri…
• BIt became the first novel by an African author to win the prestigious French Prix Renaudot
• CIt made Ouologuem the first African writer elected to the Académie française
• DIt received the Prix Goncourt in the year of publication

In Cheikh Hamidou Kane's classic philosophical novel 'L'Aventure ambiguë' (1961), what constitutes the tragic existential dilemma confronting the protagonist Samba Diallo?

• AA conflict between anticolonial political militancy and the aesthetic autonomy of poetry
• BThe painful rupture between traditional Islamic spiritual asceticism (the Diallobé hearth…
• CA struggle between hereditary imperial authority and a republican independence movement
• DA dispute between oral historians and archivists over which version of a royal genealogy…

A proposed Classical tragedy follows one political conspiracy during a single day, but its acts move from a palace in Paris to a battlefield in Rome. Which dramatic rule does the change of setting violate?

• AUnity of action
• BUnity of time
• CUnity of place
• DBienséance

In Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy ('Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals'), what is the core formulation of the 'categorical imperative' (l'impératif catégorique)?

• AAct solely to maximize the pleasurable emotional consequences for the greatest number of…
• BAct only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should bec…
• CAct according to the mean between excess and deficiency established by practical virtue
• DAct on prudential rules only when they efficiently advance a chosen personal end

In classical French versification, what is the metrical structure of a canonical alexandrine verse?

• AAn octosyllabic verse of 8 syllables with alternating stressed beats
• BA dodecasyllabic verse of 12 syllables divided into two equal hemistiches of 6 syllables…
• CA free verse line containing an arbitrary syllable count determined by breath
• DA decasyllabic line of 10 syllables with a 4+6 caesura

Which theoretical doctrine distinguished Émile Zola's Naturalism from Honoré de Balzac's earlier Realism in the 19th-century French novel?

• AA documentary commitment to contemporary society without treating heredity and environmen…
• BThe application of scientific determinism, biological heredity, and Claude Bernard's expe…
• CA preference for exceptional heroes whose actions are governed primarily by emotion and i…
• DAn emphasis on impersonal narration and stylistic precision without a program of experime…

In Jean-Jacques Rousseau's political treatise 'Du contrat social' (1762), how is the 'General Will' (la volonté générale) conceptualized?

• AThe mere arithmetic sum of individual private interests (volonté de tous)
• BThe collective will of sovereign citizens directed exclusively toward the common good and…
• CWhatever preference receives a numerical majority, even when it advances only sectional i…
• DThe government's expert judgment about citizens' welfare, independent of citizens as sove…

In Ferdinand de Saussure's structural linguistics ('Cours de linguistique générale', 1916), what are the two indivisible components of the linguistic sign (le signe linguistique)?

• APhoneme and morpheme
• BSignifier (signifiant) and signified (signifié)
• CSyntax and semantics
• DLangue and parole

In theatrical dramaturgy, what is the phenomenon of 'double enunciation' (la double énonciation)?

• AWhen a character's aside is audible to the audience but conventionally unheard by the oth…
• BWhen every line spoken by a character is directed both to another character within the dr…
• CWhen spectators understand consequences or meanings that remain unknown to a character
• DWhen a play explicitly draws attention to its own status as a theatrical performance

In Seydou Badian Kouyaté's foundational Malian novel 'Sous l'orage' (1957), what represents the central thematic conflict of the narrative?

• AThe class solidarity of railway workers during an anticolonial strike
• BThe clash of generations between traditional African patriarchal authority (represented b…
• CThe spiritual alienation of a student divided between Qur'anic formation and Western phil…
• DThe violent dynastic history of a fictional Sahelian empire narrated across centuries

A person claims, 'My social role completely determines me, so I bear no responsibility for choosing how to act.' In Sartre's existentialism, what concept best describes this denial of one's freedom?

• AAnguish (angoisse)
• BBad faith (mauvaise foi)
• CFacticity (facticité)
• DAuthenticity

In Émile Benveniste's enunciation theory ('Problèmes de linguistique générale'), how are 'discourse' (discours) and 'historical narrative' (histoire / récit) distinguished?

• ADiscourse suppresses speaker and addressee markers and favors the passé simple, whereas h…
• BDiscourse implies an enunciator and an interlocutor with deictic markers (je, tu, ici, ma…
• CDiscourse is defined as fictional language, whereas historical narrative is defined as fa…
• DDiscourse requires first-person narration throughout, whereas historical narrative requir…

In G.W.F. Hegel's 'Phenomenology of Spirit' (1807), what development gives the bondsman a path toward a more independent self-consciousness in the Master-Bondsman dialectic?

• AThe master's consumption of objects produced by the bondsman, which makes the master whol…
• BThrough fear, service, and formative labor on nature, the bondsman gives durable form to…
• CImmediate reciprocal recognition at the moment the life-and-death struggle ends, before e…
• DThe permanent separation of thought from material activity, leaving productive labor with…

In literary theory, which term did Julia Kristeva coin while developing Mikhail Bakhtin's ideas of dialogism to describe a text as an absorption and transformation of other texts?

• AIntertextuality (l'intertextualité)
• BDialogism (le dialogisme)
• CArchitextuality (l'architextualité)
• DParatextuality (la paratextualité)

For x > 0, what is the derivative of f(x) = x * ln(x) + e^(-x)?

• Af'(x) = ln(x) + 1 - e^(-x)
• Bf'(x) = ln(x) - e^(-x)
• Cf'(x) = 1 + e^(-x)
• Df'(x) = (ln(x) + 1)e^(-x)

What is the determinant of the 2x2 real matrix M = [[3, 4], [2, 5]], and what does its value indicate regarding matrix invertibility?

• Adet(M) = 7; M is invertible because det(M) != 0
• Bdet(M) = -7; M is not invertible
• Cdet(M) = 23; M is singular
• Ddet(M) = 0; M has no inverse

A net horizontal force of 150 N is applied to an object of mass 30 kg moving on a frictionless horizontal surface. According to Newton's second law of motion, what is the resulting acceleration of the object?

• A0.2 m/s^2
• B5.0 m/s^2
• C45.0 m/s^2
• D4,500 m/s^2

At 25 °C, 10.0 mL of 0.100 mol/L HCl is diluted with water to a final volume of 100.0 mL. Assuming complete dissociation, what is the final pH?

• ApH = 1.0
• BpH = 2.0
• CpH = 3.0
• DpH = 7.0

An electric heating element with a resistance of 20 ohms carries a steady direct current of 3 amperes. According to Joule's law of electric heating, what is the power dissipated by the resistor as heat?

• A60 W
• B180 W
• C360 W
• D1,200 W

Given the atomic molar masses M(Ca) = 40.1 g/mol, M(C) = 12.0 g/mol, and M(O) = 16.0 g/mol, how many moles of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are present in a 50.0 g pure sample?

• A0.25 mol
• B0.50 mol
• C1.00 mol
• D2.00 mol

For x > 0, which expression is an antiderivative of x * ln(x)?

• A(x^2 / 2) * ln(x) - x^2 / 4 + C
• B(x^2 / 2) * ln(x) + x^2 / 4 + C
• C(x^2 / 2) * ln(x) - x^2 / 2 + C
• Dx^2 * ln(x) - x + C

What are the eigenvalues of the matrix A = [[6, -2], [1, 3]]?

• A3 and 6
• B1 and 20
• C4 and 5
• D-4 and -5