Mali Baccalauréat Série TSECO (Sciences Économiques)

In microeconomics, if the price of a good increases by 10% and the quantity demanded decreases by 15%, what is the price elasticity of demand (in absolute value)?

• A1.5 (Elastic)
• B0.67 (Inelastic)
• C1.0 (Unitary elastic)
• D15.0 (Perfectly elastic)

Which market structure is characterized by a single seller facing many buyers, with significant barriers to entry and no close substitutes?

• AMonopoly (Monopole)
• BOligopoly (Oligopole)
• CMonopolistic competition
• DPerfect competition

According to neoclassical consumer theory, at the point of optimal utility maximization subject to a budget constraint, what equality must hold?

• AThe marginal rate of substitution (MRS) equals the price ratio (Px / Py)
• BTotal utility equals total expenditure
• CThe marginal utility of both goods must be equal to zero
• DThe price of good X must equal the price of good Y

In the short run, if a competitive firm's market price P falls below its average variable cost (AVC), what rational decision should the firm make?

• AShut down production immediately (cessation temporaire)
• BContinue producing to cover fixed costs
• CIncrease output to reduce average fixed cost
• DRaise the market price unilaterally

What is marginal cost (coût marginal)?

• AThe additional cost incurred by producing one additional unit of output
• BThe total cost divided by the total quantity produced
• CThe fixed cost that does not vary with output
• DThe minimum cost required to initiate production

A firm operating in a perfectly competitive market maximizes its profit by producing the output level Q at which:

• AMarginal cost equals market price (MC = P)
• BAverage total cost is maximized
• CMarginal cost equals total revenue
• DTotal cost is minimized

What is an inferior good (bien inférieur) in consumer economics?

• AA good whose demand decreases when consumer income increases
• BA good of defective manufacturing quality
• CA good whose price decreases when demand increases
• DA good that can only be consumed jointly with another good

What type of externality occurs when a beekeeper's bees pollinate nearby fruit orchards, enhancing fruit harvests without any payment made by the orchard owner?

• APositive production externality (externalité positive)
• BNegative production externality
• CNetwork externality
• DPecuniary externality

If cross-price elasticity of demand between two goods X and Y is positive (Exy > 0), what is the relationship between the two goods?

• AThey are substitute goods (biens substituables)
• BThey are complementary goods (biens complémentaires)
• CThey are independent goods
• DThey are Giffen goods

In the theory of the firm, what law states that as additional units of a variable input are added to fixed inputs, beyond a certain point the extra output produced by each additional input unit declines?

• ALaw of diminishing marginal returns (Loi des rendements décroissants)
• BLaw of supply and demand
• CSay's Law of markets
• DLaw of comparative advantage

In national accounting, what is Gross Domestic Product (GDP / PIB) defined as from the production approach?

• AThe sum of gross value added of all resident institutional sectors plus taxes less subsid…
• BThe total monetary turnover of all registered national enterprises
• CThe sum of household final consumption plus corporate profits
• DThe total value of national exports minus all government expenditure

If an economy's marginal propensity to consume (MPC / pmc) is 0.8, what is the value of the simple Keynesian investment multiplier (k)?

• A5
• B1.25
• C0.2
• D4

What type of inflation is triggered when production costs (such as wages, imported raw materials, or energy prices) rise sharply across an economy?

• ACost-push inflation (inflation par les coûts)
• BDemand-pull inflation (inflation par la demande)
• CMonetary inflation (inflation par la création monétaire)
• DDisinflation

Which type of unemployment is caused by a general macroeconomic downturn or recession that reduces overall aggregate demand for goods and labor?

• ACyclical unemployment (chômage conjoncturel)
• BFrictional unemployment (chômage frictionnel)
• CStructural unemployment (chômage structurel)
• DSeasonal unemployment (chômage saisonnier)

What is the primary statutory objective of the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) in conducting monetary policy for the UEMOA member states?

• AMaintaining price stability (stabilité des prix)
• BMaximizing the commercial profits of state-owned banks
• CFixing consumer food prices in local markets
• DEliminating corporate income tax across member countries

In macroeconomic theory, the Fisher equation of exchange is expressed as MV = PT. What does the variable V represent?

• AVelocity of money circulation (vitesse de circulation de la monnaie)
• BTotal volume of real output
• CValue of national exports
• DVariance of commodity prices

What is the difference between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI / RNB)?

• AGNI equals GDP plus net primary income received from the rest of the world
• BGNI equals GDP minus all indirect taxes
• CGNI includes only public sector wages, while GDP includes private wages
• DGNI does not include agricultural production, while GDP does

What term describes the situation where a government's annual public expenditures exceed its fiscal revenues, requiring borrowing to bridge the gap?

• ABudget deficit (déficit budgétaire)
• BTrade surplus
• CPrimary balance
• DCurrent account balance

According to the classical theory of international trade formulated by David Ricardo, nations should specialize in and export goods in which they have a:

• AComparative advantage (avantage comparatif)
• BAbsolute advantage in all goods
• CMonopoly position guaranteed by patents
• DHigher domestic production cost than trading partners

What is the official fixed parity between the CFA Franc (XOF) used in UEMOA and the Euro (EUR)?

• A1 EUR = 655.957 CFA francs
• B1 EUR = 100 CFA francs
• C1 EUR = 1,000 CFA francs
• D1 EUR = 500 CFA francs

If a country's total public debt is 700 billion CFA francs and its nominal GDP is 1,000 billion CFA francs, what is its public debt-to-GDP ratio?

• A70% of GDP
• B60% of GDP
• C50% of GDP
• D100% of GDP

In the balance of payments (balance des paiements), which account records imports and exports of goods, services, primary income, and secondary transfers?

• ACurrent account (compte des transactions courantes)
• BCapital account (compte de capital)
• CFinancial account (compte financier)
• DOfficial reserves account

What is meant by the terms of trade (termes de l'échange) for an exporting economy like Mali?

• AThe ratio of the export price index to the import price index (Px / Pm × 100)
• BThe duration of trade negotiations between two governments
• CThe physical volume of goods transported through maritime ports
• DThe difference between total customs duties and import quotas

What primary economic phenomenon was described by the Prebisch-Singer thesis regarding developing nations specializing in primary commodity exports?

• AA long-term structural tendency for the terms of trade of primary commodities to deterior…
• BThe automatic equalization of agricultural and industrial wages across nations
• CThe complete elimination of poverty through unrestricted agricultural free trade
• DThe inevitable appreciation of developing country currencies

What is the Human Development Index (HDI / IDH) developed by the UNDP composed of?

• AThree dimensions: Life expectancy at birth, education (mean and expected years of schooli…
• BGDP per capita, military expenditure, and foreign exchange reserves
• CInfant mortality rate, inflation rate, and external public debt
• DTotal agricultural production, rate of urbanization, and literacy rate

What term designates economic activities, enterprises, and jobs that operate outside the formal fiscal, legal, and social security framework, which accounts for a substantial share of employment in Mali?

• AThe informal sector (secteur informel)
• BThe public sector
• CThe multinational sector
• DThe stock exchange sector

What macroeconomic concept describes the phenomenon where high inflation and stagnant economic growth (with rising unemployment) occur simultaneously?

• AStagflation (stagflation)
• BDeflation (déflation)
• CHyperinflation
• DReflation

What is the economic definition of an inferior good that violates the law of demand, where an increase in price causes an increase in quantity demanded because the negative income effect outweighs the substitution effect?

• AGiffen good (bien de Giffen)
• BVeblen good (bien de Veblen)
• CPublic good (bien public)
• DFree good (bien libre)

In the Mundell-Fleming open-economy model under a fixed exchange rate regime and perfect capital mobility, which macroeconomic policy is fully effective at changing national output?

• AFiscal policy (politique budgétaire)
• BMonetary policy (politique monétaire)
• CTariff protection policy
• DExchange rate devaluation policy

Which treaty created the Alliance of Sahel States (AES / Alliance des États du Sahel) in September 2023 between Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger?

• AThe Liptako-Gourma Charter (Charte du Liptako-Gourma)
• BThe Treaty of Abuja
• CThe Cotonou Agreement
• DThe Lomé Convention

Calculate the simple interest produced by a capital of 500,000 CFA francs invested at an annual interest rate of 6% for a period of 8 months.

• A20,000 CFA francs
• B30,000 CFA francs
• C24,000 CFA francs
• D40,000 CFA francs

A commercial bill with a face value (valeur nominale) of 1,200,000 CFA francs is discounted at an annual commercial discount rate of 9%, 60 days before maturity. Using a 360-day commercial financial year, what is the commercial discount (escompte commercial)?

• A18,000 CFA francs
• B108,000 CFA francs
• C15,000 CFA francs
• D21,600 CFA francs

A capital C = 1,000,000 CFA francs is invested at compound interest at an annual rate of 5% for 3 years. What is the acquired value (valeur acquise) at the end of the 3 years?

• A1,157,625 CFA francs
• B1,150,000 CFA francs
• C1,155,000 CFA francs
• D1,200,000 CFA francs

What is the present value (valeur actuelle) at time t = 0 of a debt of 800,000 CFA francs payable in 2 years, discounted at a compound annual interest rate of 10%?

• A661,157 CFA francs
• B640,000 CFA francs
• C720,000 CFA francs
• D727,272 CFA francs

In a constant annuity loan repayment schedule (amortissement à annuités constantes), what happens to the interest share and the principal amortization share over successive periods?

• AThe interest share decreases while the amortization share increases
• BBoth the interest share and the amortization share remain strictly constant
• CThe interest share increases while the amortization share decreases
• DThe amortization share decreases while the total annuity increases

An enterprise produces a single product with a selling price of 5,000 CFA francs per unit. The variable cost per unit is 3,000 CFA francs, and annual fixed costs total 8,000,000 CFA francs. What is the breakeven output volume (seuil de rentabilité en quantité)?

• A4,000 units
• B1,600 units
• C2,667 units
• D5,000 units

A firm has a total cost function given by TC(q) = 2q^2 + 20q + 50. What is the marginal cost function MC(q)?

• AMC(q) = 4q + 20
• BMC(q) = 2q + 20
• CMC(q) = 4q^2 + 20
• DMC(q) = 4q + 70

A firm faces a demand curve P = 100 - 2q. What is the firm's total revenue function TR(q), and at what output quantity is total revenue maximized?

• ATR(q) = 100q - 2q^2; maximized at q = 25
• BTR(q) = 100q - q^2; maximized at q = 50
• CTR(q) = 100 - 4q; maximized at q = 25
• DTR(q) = 100q - 2q^2; maximized at q = 50

What is the derivative of the natural logarithm function f(x) = ln(3x + 5) for x > -5/3?

• A3 / (3x + 5)
• B1 / (3x + 5)
• C3 / x
• D3x / (3x + 5)

Solve the exponential equation in ℝ: e^(2x - 4) = 1.

• Ax = 2
• Bx = 0
• Cx = 4
• Dx = 1

What is the definite integral I = ∫[1 to 3] (3x^2 + 2x) dx?

• A34
• B26
• C36
• D40

Solve the linear programming problem: Maximize Z = 4x + 5y subject to the constraints x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 2x + y ≤ 8, and x + 2y ≤ 10. What is the maximum value of Z?

• A28 (at x = 2, y = 4)
• B25 (at x = 0, y = 5)
• C16 (at x = 4, y = 0)
• D26 (at x = 2, y = 4)

Solve the system of 3 linear equations using elimination: { x + y + z = 6 ; 2x - y + z = 3 ; x + 2y - z = 2 }.

• Ax = 1, y = 2, z = 3
• Bx = 2, y = 1, z = 3
• Cx = 1, y = 3, z = 2
• Dx = 3, y = 2, z = 1

Using det(A) = ad − bc, what is the determinant of A = [[4, 3], [2, 5]]?

• A14
• B26
• C6
• D-14

In a statistical study of two variables X and Y, the covariance is Cov(X,Y) = 18, the variance of X is V(X) = 9, and the variance of Y is V(Y) = 64. What is the linear correlation coefficient r(X, Y)?

• A0.75
• B0.3125
• C0.5625
• D0.90

In a linear regression analysis y = ax + b, given Cov(X,Y) = 15 and V(X) = 5, with sample means x̄ = 4 and ȳ = 16, what is the equation of the regression line of Y on X?

• Ay = 3x + 4
• By = 3x + 16
• Cy = 0.33x + 14.67
• Dy = 5x + 1

A random variable X follows a binomial distribution B(n = 5, p = 0.4). What is the expected value (espérance mathématique) E(X)?

• A2.0
• B1.2
• C2.5
• D0.8

Two independent events A and B have probabilities P(A) = 0.5 and P(B) = 0.3. What is the probability of the union P(A ∪ B)?

• A0.65
• B0.80
• C0.15
• D0.35