North Macedonia Judicial Examination (Правосуден испит)

Under the Criminal Code of North Macedonia (Кривичен законик), what does the principle of legality require?

• AAn offense and its criminal sanction must have been prescribed by statute before the act…
• BA court may create an offense by analogy when conduct is seriously harmful
• CA later, harsher criminal statute applies if judgment has not yet become final
• DAn administrative regulation may independently prescribe imprisonment

How does direct intent (директна умисла) differ from eventual intent (евентуална умисла) in North Macedonian criminal law?

• ADirect intent requires planning, while eventual intent can arise only spontaneously
• BWith direct intent the actor wants the act's realization; with eventual intent the actor…
• CDirect intent applies to completed offenses, while eventual intent applies only to attemp…
• DEventual intent exists whenever a reasonable person would have foreseen the consequence

Which situation satisfies the core requirements of self-defense (нужна одбрана) under North Macedonia's Criminal Code?

• AForce used later to punish the attacker after the danger has ended
• BForce used against a lawful act merely because the defender considers it unfair
• CForce necessary to repel a simultaneous unlawful attack against oneself or another
• DAny force used against an anticipated attack, regardless of whether it was necessary

When is a person barred from relying on extreme necessity (крајна нужда) to avoid criminal liability?

• AWhen the threatened interest belongs to another person rather than the actor
• BWhen the danger arises from a natural event rather than human conduct
• CWhen the protected interest is more valuable than the interest sacrificed
• DWhen the person had a legal or professional duty to face that particular danger

At the end of a criminal trial, material doubt remains about a fact decisive to guilt. Which principle governs the court's treatment of that doubt?

• AThe court resolves the doubt in the defendant's favor under in dubio pro reo
• BThe defendant must disprove the fact because the prosecution filed an indictment
• CThe court must choose the version supported by the greater number of witnesses
• DThe court postpones judgment until the defendant supplies additional evidence

Which circumstance can support pretrial detention under North Macedonia's criminal procedure rules?

• AThe charged offense received substantial media attention
• BConcrete circumstances indicate a risk that the accused will flee, obstruct the proceedin…
• CThe accused has chosen to remain silent during questioning
• DThe prosecutor requests detention without identifying a statutory ground

Under the general rule for searching a dwelling, what safeguard accompanies execution of a judicial search order?

• AThe prosecutor must personally conduct every search
• BThe occupants must consent even when a valid judicial order exists
• CTwo adult witnesses attend the search, subject to statutory exceptions
• DThe search may occur only after the suspect has been formally indicted

What is the court's role when considering a proposed guilty-plea agreement in criminal proceedings?

• AThe court must accept any agreement signed by the prosecutor and defense counsel
• BThe court may renegotiate the accusation privately with the prosecutor
• CThe court reviews only the proposed sentence and may ignore voluntariness
• DThe court independently examines legality, voluntariness, factual support, and the propos…

How should a criminal court treat evidence obtained through a substantial violation of constitutionally protected rights?

• AIt may not base its decision on unlawfully obtained evidence, including evidence rendered…
• BIt must admit the evidence whenever it appears factually reliable
• CIt may admit the evidence if the charged offense carries a sufficiently severe sentence
• DIt must admit the evidence unless the prosecutor personally participated in the violation

A first-instance criminal judgment has been served on an authorized appellant. What is the ordinary statutory period for filing an appeal?

• AEight days from oral pronouncement, regardless of service
• BFifteen days from service of the written judgment
• CThirty days from the date on which the indictment became final
• DThree months from completion of the evidentiary hearing

When is a contract ordinarily concluded under North Macedonia's Law on Obligations?

• AWhen the offeror privately decides not to revoke the offer
• BOnly when both parties later perform all promised obligations
• CWhen the offeror receives the offeree's acceptance
• DWhenever negotiations begin on the essential terms

Which statement correctly distinguishes a null contract (ништовен договор) from a voidable contract (рушлив договор)?

• AA null contract is valid until a party rescinds it, while a voidable contract never has l…
• BBoth defects may be invoked only by the public prosecutor
• CEvery defect becomes irrelevant once either party begins performance
• DNullity protects the legal order and may be considered ex officio, while voidability gene…

Which transaction generally requires the creditor's consent?

• AAn agreement by which a new debtor assumes the existing debtor's obligation
• BAn assignment by the creditor of a transferable monetary claim to an assignee
• CA debtor's authorization for another person to make payment on the debtor's behalf
• DA creditor's written reminder that an obligation has matured

What ordinarily completes a derivative transfer of ownership of immovable property after a valid legal basis has been established?

• APhysical delivery of the keys alone
• BRegistration of the ownership right in the Real Estate Cadastre
• CPayment of the full price without any cadastral entry
• DA private oral declaration by the transferor

Which feature distinguishes regular from extraordinary acquisitive prescription (одржувачка) of immovable property?

• AExtraordinary prescription is available only to the state
• BRegular prescription dispenses with possession but extraordinary prescription requires it
• CRegular prescription requires possession with the legally specified stronger qualities fo…
• DExtraordinary prescription transfers only a leasehold interest

A decedent leaves a spouse and two children and no valid will. How is the estate ordinarily divided in the first order of intestate succession?

• AThe spouse receives one half and the children divide the other half
• BThe spouse receives the whole estate because a surviving spouse excludes descendants
• CThe children receive the whole estate because descendants exclude the spouse
• DThe spouse and the two children inherit in equal shares

For a descendant or surviving spouse who is a forced heir, what is the ordinary forced-share fraction?

• AOne half of the share that the heir would receive under intestate succession
• BOne half of the entire estate regardless of the number of heirs
• CThe same amount as every gift made during the decedent's life
• DA fixed one quarter of the estate in every case

In an ordinary civil action, which principle generally defines the court's relationship to the parties' claims?

• AThe court may award any remedy it considers socially useful, even if no party requested it
• BThe parties define the claim and the court generally may not award beyond the relief soug…
• CThe defendant alone determines both the facts and the requested relief
• DThe court must replace the pleaded claim with the cause of action it considers strongest

When is a declaratory action an appropriate form of civil protection?

• AOnly after a monetary judgment has already been fully enforced
• BWhenever a claimant wants an advisory opinion on a hypothetical future dispute
• CWhen the claimant has a legal interest in establishing the existence or nonexistence of a…
• DOnly when no identifiable defendant exists

Which description best characterizes revision (ревизија) in civil procedure?

• AAn automatic third factual trial available in every civil case
• BA request to the trial judge to reconsider any evidentiary ruling before judgment
• CA constitutional complaint that replaces all ordinary civil remedies
• DAn extraordinary remedy against a final second-instance judgment, available only when sta…

How does the liability of a sole trader (трговец поединец) differ from that of a member of a limited liability company (ДОО)?

• AA sole trader answers for business obligations with all assets, while a ДОО member is gen…
• BA sole trader has limited liability, while every ДОО member is jointly liable for all com…
• CBoth have unlimited personal liability because both carry on commercial activity
• DNeither can incur liability until the business has at least two owners

What is the statutory minimum basic capital for a limited liability company (ДОО or ДООЕЛ)?

• AEUR 25,000 in denar equivalent
• BEUR 5,000 in denar equivalent at the applicable National Bank middle exchange rate
• COne denar, provided all members give personal guarantees
• DNo minimum amount if the company has only one member

Which governance structures may a joint-stock company (АД) choose under the Law on Trade Companies?

• AEither direct ministerial management or management by the municipality
• BA shareholders' assembly without any management organ in all cases
• CA one-tier system with a Board of Directors (Одбор на директори), or a two-tier system wi…
• DA mandatory two-tier system for every АД, with no statutory alternative

When may a member or shareholder lose the ordinary protection of separate legal personality under the statutory veil-piercing rule?

• AWhenever the company pays a debt one day after it falls due
• BWhenever the company changes its registered seat
• COnly when the company operates in banking or insurance
• DWhen the person abuses the company to achieve a prohibited purpose, harm creditors, or tr…

In a commercial sale, what must the buyer generally do to preserve rights based on a visible defect in delivered goods?

• AInspect the goods as soon as practicable in the ordinary course of business and notify th…
• BWait until the end of the seller's financial year before giving notice
• CNotify the commercial registry rather than the seller
• DReturn every shipment without inspection whenever any defect is suspected

Which element is required in the text of a valid bill of exchange (меница)?

• AA reference to the invoice that gave rise to the instrument
• BThe designation that it is a bill of exchange, expressed in the language used for the ins…
• CA notarized photograph of both the drawer and drawee
• DA statement of the commercial reason for drawing the bill

What is an aval (авал) on a bill of exchange?

• AA court order freezing all of the debtor's bank accounts
• BA transfer of the underlying sale contract to the drawee
• CA bill guarantee under which the avalist guarantees payment for a bill debtor and assumes…
• DAn informal oral assurance with no effect under bill law

When does the Bankruptcy Law deem a debtor unable to pay for purposes of opening bankruptcy or reorganization proceedings?

• AWhenever annual revenue falls, even if all matured obligations are paid
• BAs soon as any invoice is disputed for seven days
• COnly when liabilities exceed assets in the annual accounts
• DWhen, for 45 days, an amount due under a valid basis for payment has not been paid from a…

How does an exclusion creditor (излачен доверител) differ from a secured creditor (разлачен доверител) in bankruptcy?

• AAn exclusion creditor claims that identified property is not part of the estate, while a…
• BAn exclusion creditor always has a mortgage, while a secured creditor never has collateral
• CA secured creditor owns every asset in the estate and therefore excludes it from the proc…
• DThe two terms describe identical unsecured claims

What is the central purpose of a reorganization plan (план за реорганизација) in bankruptcy proceedings?

• ATo transfer the debtor to the state without creditor participation
• BTo restructure affected rights and obligations under a creditor-voted, court-confirmed al…
• CTo suspend all creditor rights permanently without distributing value
• DTo replace the bankruptcy court with the debtor's management

What form does the Law on Labor Relations require for an employment contract?

• AAn oral agreement is sufficient whenever salary is paid through a bank
• BThe contract must be notarized in the presence of two witnesses
• CIt must be concluded in writing before the employee starts work
• DIt becomes valid only after publication in a national newspaper

What is the standard full-time working week under North Macedonia's Law on Labor Relations?

• AThirty hours in every sector, with no permitted variation
• BForty-eight hours before any overtime is counted
• CFifty-six hours when weekend work is available
• DForty hours, subject to lawful shorter full-time arrangements

Which statement reflects the general overtime limits and the current statutory exception for designated strategic projects?

• AThe general limits are eight overtime hours per week and 190 per year, while work on desi…
• BOvertime is unlimited whenever the employer pays the ordinary hourly wage
• CEvery employee must work at least eight overtime hours each week
• DThe strategic-project exception removes all consent, rest, and safety protections

What is the statutory minimum annual leave for a full-time employee?

• ATen working days, freely waivable for additional salary
• BTwenty working days, with compensation in lieu generally barred except for qualifying unu…
• CThirty calendar days in every case, regardless of the work schedule
• DFourteen calendar days only after five years with the employer

Which circumstance can constitute a business reason (деловна причина) for dismissal with notice?

• AThe employee joined a lawful political organization
• BThe employee reported a workplace-safety concern in good faith
• CEconomic, organizational, technological, structural, or similar changes eliminate the nee…
• DThe employee declined to waive a statutory annual-leave entitlement

How does the statutory severance rule generally operate when employment is terminated for business reasons?

• ASeverance is always a flat EUR 500, regardless of pay or service
• BThe employee receives all expected salary through retirement
• CSeverance is optional whenever the employer describes the dismissal as restructuring
• DA salary-based amount increases through statutory bands according to the employee's years…

How is the burden of proof allocated after a worker presents facts supporting a presumption of unlawful discrimination?

• AThe employer must then prove that the equal-treatment principle was not violated
• BThe worker must prove discriminatory intent beyond reasonable doubt
• CThe labor inspectorate becomes the only party permitted to offer evidence
• DThe employer automatically loses without an opportunity to rebut the presumption

Which condition is required for an enforceable post-employment non-compete clause (конкурентска клаузула)?

• AIt applies automatically to every employee without written agreement
• BIt must be in writing, limited to no more than two years, and accompanied by the required…
• CIt may bind the former employee for life if the employer labels information confidential
• DIt permits criminal punishment merely for accepting work with a competitor

What does the in favorem laboratoris principle mean for the relationship among statutes, collective agreements, and employment contracts?

• AAn individual contract may waive any statutory protection if the employee signs it
• BA collective agreement may only repeat the statute and can never improve a benefit
• CLower-level instruments may grant more favorable rights but may not reduce mandatory stat…
• DAn employer rulebook always overrides both statute and collective agreement

Which duty belongs to the employer under occupational safety and health law?

• ARequire workers to buy all required personal protective equipment
• BWait for a serious accident before assessing workplace risks
• CTransfer all workplace-safety responsibility to the municipal fire service
• DAssess workplace risks, adopt the required safety statement, and provide necessary protec…

How does Article 1 of the Constitution define the Republic of North Macedonia?

• AA confederation of autonomous cantons
• BA sovereign, independent, democratic, and social state
• CA parliamentary monarchy with a hereditary executive
• DA federation governed by regional commercial chambers

How does the President's suspensive veto operate under Article 75 of the Constitution?

• AThe President may permanently nullify any enacted law without Assembly reconsideration
• BThe President may rewrite provisions and promulgate the revised text without an Assembly…
• CThe President may decline to sign and return a law for reconsideration, but must sign if…
• DThe President must obtain the Supreme Court's permission before returning a law

What are the constitutional composition and term rules for the Constitutional Court (Уставен суд)?

• ATwelve judges appointed by the President for life
• BFive judges elected by the Bar Chamber for renewable two-year terms
• CSeven judges appointed by the Minister of Justice from serving prosecutors
• DNine judges elected by the Assembly for nine-year terms without reelection, chosen from d…

Which group of rights falls within the Constitutional Court's limited individual-rights protection jurisdiction under Article 110?

• AFreedom of conviction, conscience, thought and public expression; political association a…
• BEvery private contract dispute and damages claim
• CAll complaints about the factual findings of ordinary courts
• DOnly customs classification and maritime-navigation disputes

Which description accurately identifies the principal general and administrative courts in North Macedonia?

• AA single national trial court with no appellate review
• BBasic Courts, Courts of Appeal, and the Supreme Court, together with the Administrative C…
• CPolice tribunals followed by final review in the Ministry of Justice
• DMunicipal, cantonal, and federal courts modeled as a federation

What does proportionality require when a public authority chooses among lawful measures in an administrative matter?

• AIt must choose the maximum available restriction in every case
• BIt must copy the result of any criminal case involving the party
• CIt must use a suitable and necessary measure and, among effective options, avoid imposing…
• DIt must decide without investigating facts so that all parties are treated quickly

What is the general effect of a timely appeal against a first-instance administrative act?

• AIt doubles any monetary obligation stated in the act
• BIt dissolves the first-instance public authority
• CIt has no effect until the Supreme Court grants permission
• DIt suspends enforcement while the appeal is pending, unless a statutory exception permits…

Which courts ordinarily provide the two judicial levels in an administrative dispute?

• AThe Administrative Court hears the action at first instance, and the Higher Administrativ…
• BThe municipal police decide first, and the Minister of Justice gives a final ruling
• CThe Supreme Court hears every administrative action as the sole first instance
• DThe European Court of Auditors reviews domestic administrative acts