Moldova Bacalaureat — History of Romanians & Universal History

Which ruler unified the Geto-Dacian tribes around 82 BC to establish the first centralized Dacian state with its political and religious center in the Orăștie Mountains?

• ABurebista
• BDecebalus
• CDromichaetes
• DCotiso

What was a defining characteristic of King Decebalus's reign in Dacia (87–106 AD) prior to the Roman conquest?

• AHe concluded a compromise peace treaty with Emperor Domitian in 89 AD that secured Roman…
• BHe converted the Dacian population to Christianity following the preaching of Apostle And…
• CHe voluntarily dissolved the Dacian fortifications in the Orăștie Mountains to placate th…
• DHe formed a permanent maritime alliance with Athens to dominate Black Sea commerce

What primary strategic and economic motivation drove Emperor Trajan to launch his two military campaigns against Dacia (101–102 and 105–106 AD)?

• AEliminating the persistent Dacian military threat to the Danubian limes and securing Daci…
• BPreventing an imminent Germanic invasion led by the Visigoths from crossing the Carpathia…
• CEnforcing Roman naval monopolies across the Baltic and Mediterranean sea trade routes
• DRetaliating against Dacian expansion into the Italian peninsula and the siege of Ravenna

Which set of factors served as the principal vectors of the Romanization process in Roman Dacia between 106 and 271 AD?

• AThe spread of the Latin language, extensive colonization (ex toto orbe Romano), the Roman…
• BThe forced conversion to Greek Orthodoxy and the imposition of Byzantine feudal land tenu…
• CThe total eradication of the indigenous population and their complete replacement by Ital…
• DThe establishment of democratic plebiscites and the mandatory adoption of Celtic tribal c…

What was the direct cause and nature of the Aurelian Withdrawal (Retragerea Aureliană) around 271–275 AD?

• APersistent pressure from migratory Gothic and Carpic tribes compelled Rome to withdraw it…
• BA devastating famine compelled the Roman Senate to order the total evacuation of all civi…
• CThe Dacian king Deceneus led a successful rebellion that expelled all Roman authorities f…
• DEmperor Constantine the Great moved the capital to Byzantium and ceded all Danubian terri…

Which archaeological find from the 4th century AD provides direct epigraphic evidence of the persistence of a Latin-speaking Christian Daco-Roman population north of the Danube after the Aurelian withdrawal?

• AThe Biertan Donarium bearing the Latin inscription 'Ego Zenovius votum posui'
• BThe Pietroasele Treasure (Cloșca cu puii de aur) inscribed with Gothic runes
• CThe Res Gestae Divi Augusti monumental bronze inscription
• DThe Justinian Code legal codex discovered at Histria

Which 12th-century historical chronicle by King Béla's anonymous notary (Anonymus) documents the existence of early Romanian and Slavic political formations in Transylvania led by Gelou, Glad, and Menumorut during the 9th–10th centuries?

• AGesta Hungarorum
• BChronicon Pictum (Vienna Illuminated Chronicle)
• CAlexiad by Anna Komnene
• DDe Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus

What historical reality is attested by the 1247 'Diploma of the Knights of Saint John' (Diploma Cavalerilor Ioaniți) issued by King Béla IV of Hungary?

• AThe existence of organized Romanian territorial-political entities south of the Carpathia…
• BThe official incorporation of Wallachia into the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II
• CThe complete conversion of all Moldavian boyars to the Catholic faith under papal bull
• DThe military surrender of Stephen the Great to the Teutonic Order at Suceava

Which decisive military confrontation in November 1330 secured the political independence of Wallachia from Hungarian suzerainty?

• AThe Battle of Posada
• BThe Battle of Rovine
• CThe Battle of Vaslui
• DThe Battle of Călugăreni

How did the independent Principality of Moldavia emerge around 1359 following the initial defensive border march established by Dragoș of Maramureș?

• ABogdan I of Cuhea led a revolt against Hungarian suzerainty, crossed into Moldavia, and c…
• BThe Teutonic Knights ceded Suceava to the Ottoman Empire in exchange for maritime privile…
• CThe Byzantine Empire dispatched an expeditionary force under Emperor John VI Kantakouzeno…
• DThe Golden Horde formally annexed the region and appointed Alexandru cel Bun as hereditar…

Which of the following diplomatic and military achievements is attributed to Wallachian Voivode Mircea the Elder (Mircea cel Bătrân, 1386–1418)?

• AHe defeated Sultan Bayezid I at the Battle of Rovine (1395), joined the anti-Ottoman Crus…
• BHe signed the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812 dividing the principality between the Russian a…
• CHe introduced the first Romanian civil code and abolished serfdom across Transylvania
• DHe conquered Constantinople in alliance with the Holy League and transferred the patriarc…

What major ecclesiastical and political consolidation marked the reign of Alexander the Good (Alexandru cel Bun, 1400–1432) in Moldavia?

• ASecuring the formal recognition of the Metropolitanate of Moldavia by the Ecumenical Patr…
• BDeclaring Moldavia a Catholic bishopric under direct authority of the Bishop of Rome
• CLaunching an offensive campaign to conquer Transylvania and unite the three principalities
• DAbolishing the Boyar Council (Sfatul Domnesc) and declaring Moldavia an Ottoman pashalik

At which historic battle on 10 January 1475 did Stephen the Great (Ștefan cel Mare) defeat an Ottoman army of over 100,000 men commanded by Hadım Suleiman Pasha?

• AThe Battle of Vaslui (Podul Înalt)
• BThe Battle of Valea Albă (Războieni)
• CThe Battle of Codrii Cosminului
• DThe Battle of Mohács

What military and socio-economic strategy underpinned Stephen the Great's ability to resist major foreign invasions throughout his 47-year reign?

• ARelying on the 'Great Army' (Oastea cea Mare) of free peasants (răzeși) alongside a formi…
• BEmploying mercenary Swiss pikemen funded by Venetian banking loans
• CDemilitarizing the peasantry to rely exclusively on foreign Ottoman auxiliary contingents
• DConstructing an extensive battle fleet along the Dniester to control riverine access to P…

What tactical objective prompted Vlad the Impaler (Vlad Țepeș) to launch the famous 'Night Attack' near Târgoviște on 17–18 June 1462?

• ATo assassinate Sultan Mehmed II in his royal tent and sow chaos within the vastly superio…
• BTo liberate the city of Belgrade from an ongoing Hungarian siege
• CTo arrest treacherous Wallachian boyars who had fled to Moldavia
• DTo seize Ottoman gunpowder stockpiles for shipment to the Holy League in Rome

Under what legal and institutional status were Wallachia and Moldavia integrated into the Ottoman sphere of influence from the 15th to 18th centuries?

• AAs autonomous tributary states governed under capitulations (ahdnâme), retaining internal…
• BAs directly ruled Ottoman provinces (pashaliks) administered by appointed beylerbeys and…
• CAs sovereign protectorates of the Habsburg Empire exempt from all economic obligations to…
• DAs maritime crown colonies directly governed by the Ottoman Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha)

What unprecedented political milestone was achieved by Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul) in May 1600?

• AHe realized the first personal union of the three Romanian principalities: Wallachia, Tra…
• BHe permanently annexed the Crimean Peninsula and dissolved the Crimean Khanate
• CHe established a unified constitutional republic with a single parliament in Alba Iulia
• DHe secured permanent independence from the Ottoman Empire confirmed by the Treaty of West…

Why did Michael the Brave's ephemeral union of 1599–1600 acquire profound symbolic significance in modern Romanian historiography and politics?

• AIt served as the primary historical precedent and inspiring political ideal for the moder…
• BIt led immediately to the creation of the 1866 Romanian Constitution and the Hohenzollern…
• CIt established the first bilingual Romanian-Russian administration across the Prut and Dn…
• DIt resulted in the unconditional diplomatic recognition of Greater Romania by the Congres…

How did the Fall of Constantinople to Sultan Mehmed II in 1453 transform the geopolitical environment of the Danubian Principalities?

• AThe Black Sea was gradually transformed into an 'Ottoman lake' (lac turcesc), intensifyin…
• BThe Byzantine Empire relocated its capital to Suceava under the protection of Stephen the…
• CThe Ottoman Empire immediately granted unconditional religious freedom and tax exemptions…
• DThe Kingdom of Poland broke all feudal alliances and allied with the Ottoman Empire again…

Which prominent Romanian-born Voivode of Transylvania and Regent of Hungary successfully broke the Ottoman siege of Belgrade in July 1456?

• AJohn Hunyadi (Iancu de Hunedoara)
• BMatthias Corvinus
• CMircea the Elder
• DVladislav I

What was the political consequence of the 'Unio Trium Nationum' (Brotherly Union) signed at Căpâlna in 1437 in Transylvania following the Bobâlna peasant uprising?

• AIt established an exclusive political alliance between the Hungarian nobility, Saxon patr…
• BIt declared Transylvania an independent sovereign principality under the joint rule of th…
• CIt abolished serfdom and distributed aristocratic estate lands equally among Romanian, Hu…
• DIt mandated the expulsion of all Catholic clergy and declared Eastern Orthodoxy the sole…

Which intellectual thesis was prominently advanced by 17th-century Moldavian chronicler Grigore Ureche in his work 'Letopisețul Țării Moldovei'?

• AThe common Roman origin and Latin linguistic foundation of all Romanians ('de la Râm ne t…
• BThe complete ethnic descent of Moldavians from Slavic Kievan Rus tribes
• CThe theological superiority of the Ottoman Caliphate over European monarchies
• DThe divine right of boyars to abolish the princely throne and establish an oligarchy

What is the primary historical and cultural significance of 'The Teachings of Neagoe Basarab to His Son Theodosie' (Învățăturile lui Neagoe Basarab către fiul său Teodosie), written in the early 16th century?

• AIt represents a masterpiece of early modern Romanian political thought, combining Christi…
• BIt served as the official military manual of the Austro-Hungarian imperial army along the…
• CIt enacted the first constitutional code establishing universal suffrage in Wallachia
• DIt was a formal diplomatic treaty that ceded Southern Bessarabia to the Ottoman Empire

What landmark legal reform was enacted during the concurrent 17th-century reigns of Vasile Lupu in Moldavia and Matei Basarab in Wallachia?

• AThe publication of the first written law codes printed in the Romanian language: 'Carte r…
• BThe establishment of a joint constitutional monarchy with an elected bicameral parliament…
• CThe total emancipation of the Roma population from enslavement across both principalities
• DThe replacement of the Julian calendar with the Gregorian calendar and the adoption of th…

What strategic objective did Moldavian Prince Dimitrie Cantemir pursue when signing the Treaty of Lutsk (April 1711) with Tsar Peter the Great?

• ALiberating Moldavia from Ottoman suzerainty and securing Russian recognition of Moldavia'…
• BCeding Bessarabia to Russia in exchange for the Polish crown
• CEstablishing an anti-Russian coalition with King Charles XII of Sweden and the Ottoman Su…
• DDividing Moldavia into two separate administrative governorates under Austrian military a…

What characterized the establishment of the Phanariot regime in Moldavia (1711) and Wallachia (1716)?

• AThe election of princes exclusively by local assemblies of boyars
• BThe direct appointment of Greek princes from the Phanar quarter of Constantinople by the…
• CThe immediate annexation of Moldavia and Wallachia as direct Ottoman provinces under mili…
• DThe introduction of constitutional monarchy and universal suffrage under British protecti…

What was the major social and fiscal reform enacted by Prince Constantine Mavrocordatos in Wallachia (1746) and Moldavia (1749)?

• AThe introduction of mandatory military conscription for all foreign merchants
• BThe complete distribution of aristocratic monastic estates to landless serfs
• CThe abolition of personal serfdom (rumânie in Wallachia, vecinitate in Moldavia) and cons…
• DThe total dissolution of the Boyar Council and creation of a French-style directory

How did the geopolitical crisis known as the 'Eastern Question' (Chestiunea Orientală) precipitate the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812?

• AFrance and Russia formed an alliance to divide the Austrian Empire
• BMoldavia and Wallachia declared war on the Russian Empire to annex the Crimean peninsula
• CThe Ottoman Empire invaded Poland in violation of the Treaty of Karlowitz
• DSultan Selim III deposed the pro-Russian hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia without Russ…

Which international treaty concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812 and resulted in the Russian Empire's annexation of the territory between the Prut and Dniester rivers, subsequently named Bessarabia?

• AThe Treaty of Bucharest (16/28 May 1812)
• BThe Treaty of Iași (1792)
• CThe Treaty of Kuçuk Kainarji (1774)
• DThe Treaty of Adrianople (1829)

How did the administrative status of Bessarabia evolve under Tsarist rule between the 1818 Statute (Așezământul din 1818) and the reform of 1828?

• ABessarabia was transferred to Austrian imperial control as a crown land
• BBessarabia transitioned from an autonomous province with Romanian-Russian administrative…
• CBessarabia declared an independent republic recognized by the Holy Alliance
• DBessarabia was granted full parliamentary democracy with an elected Romanian prime minist…

What was the primary demographic objective of the Tsarist colonization policy in Bessarabia throughout the 19th century, particularly in Southern Bessarabia (Budjak)?

• ATo establish an independent German duchy under Prussian suzerainty
• BTo concentrate the entire Romanian population along the Danube Delta
• CTo dilute the indigenous Romanian population by granting extensive land and fiscal exempt…
• DTo expel all Christian inhabitants and repopulate the region exclusively with Ottoman sub…

What was the core political demand expressed by Tudor Vladimirescu in the 'Proclamation of Padeș' during the 1821 Revolution in Wallachia?

• AThe immediate annexation of Wallachia to the Russian Empire
• BThe conversion of the Orthodox clergy to Lutheran Protestantism
• CThe establishment of an absolute Ottoman pashalik in Bucharest
• DThe abolition of oppressive Phanariot fiscal abuse and the restoration of native princes…

What was the primary institutional significance of the Organic Regulations (Regulamentele Organice) adopted in Wallachia (1831) and Moldavia (1832)?

• AThey served as the first quasi-constitutional fundamental laws, introducing the separatio…
• BThey unified the armed forces of Moldavia and Wallachia under a single French general
• CThey abolished the institution of the monarchy and created a socialist workers' soviet
• DThey outlawed the use of the Romanian language across all educational and administrative…

What characterized the revolutionary program 'The Petition-Proclamation' (Petițiunea-proclamațiune) drafted in March 1848 in Iași by Moldavian revolutionaries led by Vasile Alecsandri?

• AAn armed insurrection demanding the violent overthrow of the Ottoman Sultan
• BA moderate reformist program demanding civil liberties, abolition of censorship, and admi…
• CThe immediate expropriation of all boyar estates without compensation and declaration of…
• DThe unconditional union of Moldavia with the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Which revolutionary document adopted on 9 June 1848 in Wallachia demanded broad democratic liberties, the election of a prince for a 5-year term, and the emancipation of serfs (clăcași) with land?

• AThe Craiova Manifest
• BThe Brașov Principles
• CThe Islaz Proclamation (Proclamația de la Islaz)
• DThe Blaj National Petition

At the Great National Assembly of Blaj on 3/15 May 1848 in Transylvania, what key principle was championed by Simion Bărnuțiu?

• AThe Romanian nation must be recognized as an equal political nation with its own language…
• BTransylvania should be immediately incorporated into the Russian Empire to preserve Ortho…
• CThe Romanian peasantry should accept feudal servitude in exchange for tax exemptions
• DThe abolition of all schools teaching in the Romanian language to foster Hungarian assimi…

What was a major territorial and political consequence of the Treaty of Paris (1856) that concluded the Crimean War?

• AMoldavia was annexed by the Austrian Empire as a military buffer zone
• BThe Russian protectorate over the Principalities was replaced by the collective guarantee…
• CWallachia was transformed into an Ottoman province administered directly from Istanbul
• DRussia annexed Dobruja and closed the Danube to all European commercial shipping

How was the Union of Moldavia and Wallachia accomplished in January 1859, circumventing the Great Powers' desire to keep the Principalities separated?

• AThrough a foreign military invasion backed by Napoleon III against the Ottoman garrisons
• BThrough a diplomatic plebiscite organized simultaneously by Great Britain and Prussia
• CThrough the double election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as prince in both Moldavia (5 January)…
• DThrough the hereditary crowning of Carol of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in Iași

What was the core achievement of Alexandru Ioan Cuza's 1864 Rural Law (Legea Rurală)?

• AIt reinstated personal serfdom and increased corvée labor obligations for estate peasants
• BIt transferred all peasant farmland to French commercial banks in exchange for railway bo…
• CIt nationalized all agricultural land and established state-operated collective farms
• DIt abolished the corvée (clacă) and emancipated over 400,000 peasant families by granting…

What principle of governance was formally established in the Romanian Constitution of 1866 under Prince Carol I?

• AA hereditary constitutional parliamentary monarchy with strict separation of legislative,…
• BAn absolute autocratic monarchy modeled on the Tsarist imperial system
• CA presidential federal republic with broad regional autonomy for Moldavia
• DA military dictatorship governed by an unelected Boyar Regency Council

On what date did Romanian Foreign Minister Mihail Kogălniceanu proclaim the country's full state independence from the Ottoman Empire before the Assembly of Deputies?

• A24 January 1859
• B9 May 1877
• C1 December 1918
• D27 August 1991

Under the Treaty of Berlin (July 1878), what territorial exchange was imposed upon Romania by the Great Powers?

• ARomania ceded Oltenia to Austria-Hungary in exchange for Bukovina
• BRomania was forced to retrocede Northern Dobruja to the Ottoman Empire in exchange for Be…
• CRomania's independence was recognized, and it received Northern Dobruja, the Danube Delta…
• DRomania annexed the entire Crimean peninsula while forfeiting its Black Sea coastline

What aggressive Russification policy was pursued in Bessarabia in the 1870s and 1880s by the Russian Orthodox Archbishop Pavel Lebedev?

• AHe promoted Romanian liturgical translations and founded Romanian theological seminaries
• BHe allied with Sfatul Țării to establish an independent Bessarabian Patriarchate
• CHe introduced Latin script into all religious icons and parish registers
• DHe banned the Romanian language from church services, replaced Romanian priests with Russ…

What was the historical significance of the socio-political newspaper 'Basarabia', founded in Chișinău in 1906?

• AIt was the first Romanian-language political periodical in Bessarabia following the 1905…
• BIt served as the official Russian imperial gazette promoting Tsarist autocracy and Pan-Sl…
• CIt was an undercover military bulletin advocating an immediate Austro-Hungarian invasion…
• DIt was a French literary magazine focused exclusively on Parisian theatre and poetry

Which political party, founded in Chișinău in April 1917 following the Russian February Revolution, formulated the first comprehensive program for Bessarabian national-territorial autonomy?

• AThe Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)
• BThe Moldavian National Party (Partidul Național Moldovenesc)
• CThe Bolshevik Social-Democratic Labor Party
• DThe Union of the Russian People (Black Hundreds)

What representative national body was created as a result of the resolutions passed at the Congress of Moldavian Soldiers (Congresul Ostașilor Moldoveni) in Chișinău in October 1917?

• AThe Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
• BThe Supreme Military Council of the Entente
• CSfatul Țării (Council of the Country)
• DThe National Assembly of Alba Iulia

What sequence of political status declarations was adopted by Sfatul Țării between December 1917 and January 1918 under the presidency of Ion Inculeț?

• AAnnexation to the Austro-Hungarian Empire followed by immediate dissolution
• BDirect union with the Bolshevik government in Petrograd followed by the abolition of priv…
• CRestoration of Tsarist guberniya status under the Russian Provisional Government
• DProclamation of the Moldavian Democratic Republic as an autonomous federative entity (2 D…

On which date did Sfatul Țării vote in Chișinău for the union of the Moldavian Democratic Republic (Bessarabia) with the Kingdom of Romania?

• A27 March / 9 April 1918
• B28 November 1918
• C1 December 1918
• D28 June 1940