Avocat — Admitere la Stagiu (Moldova) / Bar Traineeship Admission Exam

Under the Civil Code of the Republic of Moldova, at what point does a natural person acquire full capacity to exercise civil rights and assume civil obligations (capacitatea de exercițiu deplină)?

• AUpon reaching the age of majority at 18 years, or earlier upon marriage or emancipation a…
• BStrictly at the age of 21 years with no statutory exceptions for marriage or employment
• CAt 16 years of age automatically for all citizens without requiring emancipation or paren…
• DUpon graduation from higher secondary education regardless of chronological age

In Moldovan civil law, what distinguishes absolute nullity (nulitatea absolută) of a juridical act from relative nullity (nulitatea relativă)?

• AAbsolute nullity protects public interest and can be invoked by any interested person or…
• BAbsolute nullity requires a prior criminal conviction, whereas relative nullity is decide…
• CAbsolute nullity can be confirmed or ratified by the parties, whereas relative nullity ca…
• DAbsolute nullity applies only to unilateral contracts, while relative nullity governs mul…

What is the general statutory period of extinctive prescription (termenul general de prescripție extinctivă) for patrimonial claims under the Civil Code of Moldova?

• A3 years
• B1 year
• C5 years
• D10 years

Under the Moldovan Civil Code, from what moment does the extinctive prescription period begin to run for a tort claim arising from unlawful damage (răspunderea delictuală)?

• AFrom the day when the injured party knew or should have known of the damage and the ident…
• BStrictly from the day the injurious event occurred, irrespective of when the victim disco…
• CFrom the date a final administrative investigation report is registered with the police
• DFrom the date the tortfeasor formally acknowledges liability in writing

What is the legal effect of registering a right in the Real Estate Register (Registrul bunurilor imobile) under Moldovan property law?

• AThe registered right is presumed to exist in favor of the registered holder, and third pa…
• BRegistration is merely an internal fiscal formality that creates no presumption of owners…
• CRegistration transfers title immediately even if the underlying contractual document is f…
• DRegistration cannot be challenged or rectified in court once recorded by the registrar

Under the Moldovan Civil Code, how is a predial servitude (servitute) defined and established?

• AAn encumbrance imposed on an immovable property (servient tenement) for the utility or us…
• BA personal contract allowing a tenant to occupy a residential apartment without paying ut…
• CAn exclusive right granted to state utilities to expropriate private land without monetar…
• DA temporary lease agreement between commercial entities regarding heavy agricultural equi…

What is the maximum duration of a usufruct (uzufruct) established in favor of a legal entity under the Civil Code of Moldova?

• A30 years, unless established for a shorter period
• B99 years unconditionally
• CPerpetual, surviving indefinitely as long as the legal entity exists
• D5 years with mandatory annual renewals

In a joint and several obligation (obligație solidară) among multiple debtors under the Moldovan Civil Code, what right does the creditor possess?

• AThe creditor may demand performance of the entire obligation from any one of the co-debto…
• BThe creditor must sue each debtor separately for their exact mathematical proportional sh…
• CThe creditor must first exhaust all execution remedies against the primary signatory befo…
• DThe creditor can only demand performance from the oldest debtor

Under Article 953 of the Moldovan Civil Code, under what condition may a court reduce a contractual penalty clause (clauza penală)?

• AIf the penalty is disproportionately high compared to the damage caused or foreseeable by…
• BOnly if both parties jointly submit a written request consenting to judicial modification
• CWhenever the debtor expresses regret in their statement of defense
• DA court has no statutory authority to reduce a contractual penalty under any circumstances

What is the fundamental requirement for exercising the right of retention (dreptul de retenție) under the Moldovan Civil Code?

• AThe creditor must hold lawful possession of the debtor's movable or immovable property, a…
• BThe creditor must obtain a prior court injunction before physically taking possession of…
• CThe retained property must be sold at a public auction within 24 hours of non-payment
• DThe right of retention can only be exercised by state bailiffs during post-judgment enfor…

In Moldovan civil law, what is the core obligation arising from unjust enrichment (îmbogățirea fără justă cauză)?

• AThe enriched party must return the asset or value received without legal justification to…
• BThe enriched party must pay a punitive fine to the state budget equal to triple the enric…
• CThe impoverished party must accept an equity share in the enriched party's commercial com…
• DThe enriched party is legally entitled to keep the asset if it was received by mistaken b…

Under Article 2029 of the Moldovan Civil Code, how is liability established for damage caused by an activity or object presenting heightened danger (sursă de pericol sporit)?

• AStrict liability applies: the possessor is liable regardless of fault, unless they prove…
• BThe victim must prove that the possessor acted with gross intent or criminal negligence
• CLiability is transferred automatically to the manufacturer regardless of who was operatin…
• DThe possessor is immune from liability if they held an administrative safety operating pe…

Under the Moldovan Civil Code, which relatives compose the first class of legal heirs (clasa întâi de moștenitori legali) in an intestate succession?

• AThe children of the deceased, the surviving spouse, and the parents of the deceased
• BBrothers and sisters of the deceased, together with paternal grandparents
• COnly the surviving spouse, to the complete exclusion of all surviving children
• DUncles, aunts, and first cousins of the deceased

When do the legal rights and obligations of spouses arise under Moldova's Family Code?

• AOn the day the marriage is registered by the civil-status authority
• BOn the day the future spouses file their marriage application
• CWhen the couple begins living at the same address
• DThirty days after the marriage certificate is issued

Under the current Moldovan Civil Code, which conduct constitutes acceptance of an inheritance?

• ASubmitting an authenticated acceptance declaration to the succession notary before the de…
• BMerely being named in a will, without accepting or entering into possession
• CSending an unsigned email to another potential heir after the deadline
• DPaying one personal debt of the deceased without any act of possession or declaration

Which property is generally the personal property of one spouse rather than joint property of the spouses under Moldova's Family Code?

• AProperty owned before marriage and property received individually by gift or inheritance…
• BSalary earned by either spouse during marriage
• CA home bought during marriage from the spouses' common income
• DIncome from either spouse's professional activity during marriage

When may spouses divide their joint property (proprietatea în devălmășie) under Moldova's Family Code?

• ADuring the marriage or after the marriage has ended
• BOnly after a divorce judgment becomes final
• COnly while the marriage remains in force
• DOnly when every creditor of either spouse gives written consent

What happens to a child's property rights when a parent is deprived of parental rights under Moldova's Family Code?

• AThe child keeps property rights based on kinship, including rights connected to the natur…
• BThe child automatically loses all inheritance rights from both parents
• CThe child's property is transferred to the deprived parent as compensation
• DThe child may keep housing-use rights only after reaching adulthood

What is the general burden of proof (sarcina probațiunii) in civil litigation under Article 118 of the Moldovan Civil Procedure Code?

• AEach party must prove the factual circumstances upon which it bases its claims and object…
• BThe claimant must prove both its own claims and disprove all possible defenses of the def…
• CThe court is required to collect all evidence ex officio without requiring party submissi…
• DThe burden of proof always rests exclusively on the defending party

How are procedural time limits calculated in civil litigation if the final day of the period falls on a non-working day or public holiday under the Moldovan CPC?

• AThe period expires at the end of the next consecutive working day
• BThe period expires at 12:00 noon on the preceding working day
• CThe period is automatically extended by a full calendar month
• DThe deadline is forfeited unless the party files an emergency Sunday petition

What is the consequence under Article 171 of the Moldovan CPC if a claimant files a statement of claim (cerere de chemare în judecată) that fails to comply with curable formal requirements?

• AThe judge issues a ruling not to proceed with the claim (nu dă curs cererii) and grants a…
• BThe judge returns the claim immediately even though every defect is curable
• CThe judge opens the case and leaves all defects for the appellate court
• DThe court rewrites the allegations and requested relief on the claimant's behalf

Under what circumstance may an interim measure to secure a claim (asigurarea acțiunii) be ordered by a civil court under Article 174 of the Moldovan CPC?

• AWhen failure to take protective measures could render execution of the future judicial de…
• BOnly after a final, unappealable judgment has already been entered on the merits
• CStrictly when the defendant submits a written confession admitting the entire debt
• DWhenever the claimant deposits cash equal to double the total value of the lawsuit

What is the standard deadline for filing an appeal (termenul de apel) against a first-instance civil judgment under Article 362 of the Moldovan CPC?

• A30 days from pronouncement of the operative part of the judgment, unless the law provides…
• B30 days from service of the fully reasoned judgment in every case
• C15 days from the first preparatory hearing
• DSix months from registration of the original claim

What is the role of an intervener with independent claims (intervenient principal) in civil proceedings under the Moldovan CPC?

• AA third party who enters an existing lawsuit asserting an independent right to the subjec…
• BA person who assists the court clerk with taking shorthand notes of witness testimony
• CA co-plaintiff who joined the original complaint at the moment of initial filing
• DA third party who supports the defendant exclusively without asserting any personal right

Under what circumstance does a civil court issue a judgment in absentia (hotărâre în lipsă / hotărâre în contumacie) under the Moldovan CPC?

• AWhen the properly summoned defendant fails to appear without notifying the court of a jus…
• BWhenever the claimant fails to attend the preliminary hearing without any excuse
• COnly in commercial disputes involving foreign state-owned enterprises
• DWhenever the defendant's advocate requests permission to submit written briefs instead of…

Which of the following constitutes an admissible ground for extraordinary revision (revizuirea) of an irrevocable civil judgment under Article 449 of the Moldovan CPC?

• ADiscovery of essential new facts or circumstances that were unknown to the applicant and…
• BThe appellant's subjective dissatisfaction with the trial judge's evaluation of oral test…
• CA disagreement between the two litigating advocates regarding the applicable hourly billi…
• DA change in the personal marital status of one of the participating lay witnesses

What is the legal effect when parties conclude a court-approved judicial settlement (tranzacție judiciară) in a civil proceeding under the Moldovan CPC?

• AThe court issues a ruling confirming the settlement, which terminates the proceedings and…
• BThe settlement is treated merely as a non-binding gentlemen's agreement that either party…
• CThe plaintiff is mandated to file a new lawsuit from the beginning to register each indiv…
• DThe court must refer the settlement to the Ministry of Justice for constitutional ratific…

What procedural consequence arises if a claimant exercises their right to abandon the claim (renunțarea la acțiune) during a civil trial under the Moldovan CPC?

• AThe court terminates proceedings, and the claimant is barred from filing a renewed lawsui…
• BThe court immediately transfers the claim to the state prosecutor to continue as an ex of…
• CThe defendant is automatically sentenced to pay the plaintiff's claimed damages
• DThe plaintiff may re-file the exact same claim against the same defendant the following w…

Which circumstance mandates the recusal (recuzarea) of a judge in a civil lawsuit under Article 50 of the Moldovan Civil Procedure Code?

• AThe judge is a spouse or close relative of one of the participating parties or their lega…
• BThe judge has previously rendered a ruling in an entirely unrelated commercial dispute in…
• CThe judge holds a doctoral degree from the same university where the claimant studied ten…
• DThe judge was appointed to the bench by presidential decree

Under the Enforcement Code of the Republic of Moldova (Codul de Executare), what is the statutory instrument required to initiate forced civil execution?

• AAn enforcement title (titlu executoriu), such as an execution writ issued by the court ba…
• BAn informal demand letter signed by the claimant's accountant
• CA published advertisement in a local municipal newspaper
• DA verbal telephone instruction delivered directly to the debtor's commercial bank

What is the core principle of legality (principiul legalității) in Moldovan criminal law under Article 3 of the Criminal Code?

• ANo action or omission can be qualified as a crime, and no punishment may be imposed, unle…
• BCourts may create new offenses by analogy whenever an act offends public moral values
• CCriminal law applies retroactively to impose harsher penalties on past conduct if public…
• DAdministrative regulations issued by local mayors can establish new criminal offenses car…

What are the four constituent structural elements of a criminal offense (componența infracțiunii) under Moldovan criminal doctrine and the Criminal Code?

• AThe object, the objective side, the subject, and the subjective side
• BThe indictment, the trial hearing, the judicial verdict, and the sentence
• CThe police officer, the prosecutor, the defense counsel, and the judge
• DThe motive, the weapon, the crime scene, and the forensic report

Under Article 21 of the Moldovan Criminal Code, what is the general age of criminal liability, and for which category of crimes does liability lower to 14 years?

• AGeneral age is 16 years; lowered to 14 years for an exhaustive statutory list of serious…
• BGeneral age is 18 years; lowered to 16 years for all financial crimes without exception
• CGeneral age is 14 years across all offenses; lowered to 12 years with parental consent
• DGeneral age is 21 years; lowered to 18 years for military personnel

What is the legal consequence under Article 23 of the Moldovan Criminal Code when a person commits a socially dangerous act in a state of insanity (iresponsabilitate)?

• AThe person is not subject to criminal liability, but the court may order compulsory medic…
• BThe person receives a reduced prison sentence served in a regular penitentiary
• CThe person's criminal liability is transferred automatically to their closest living rela…
• DThe person is acquitted and cannot be subject to any medical examination or supervision

Under Article 36 of the Moldovan Criminal Code, when is causing harm to an aggressor justified under the doctrine of legitimate defense (legitima apărare)?

• AWhen repelling a direct, immediate, material, and unlawful attack against the person, rig…
• BWhenever the defender feels insulted by verbal sarcasm in a public gathering
• COnly after the defender has attempted to escape on foot for at least 15 minutes
• DOnly if the defender is a certified police officer on active duty

What is the key statutory condition that distinguishes the state of extreme necessity (starea de extremă necesitate) under Article 37 of the Moldovan Criminal Code?

• AThe harm caused must be manifestly less serious than the harm prevented, and the danger c…
• BThe harm caused must be directed exclusively against the person who created the initial d…
• CThe actor must obtain prior telephonic approval from an investigating judge
• DThe danger must arise exclusively from severe natural weather catastrophes

How does the Moldovan Criminal Code define an attempted crime (tentativa de infracțiune) under Article 27?

• AAn intentional action or omission directly aimed at committing a crime, which failed to p…
• BA preliminary conversation between friends discussing hypothetical ways to commit a futur…
• CThe accidental commission of a negligent misdemeanor without any prior planning
• DAn act where the perpetrator voluntarily decides to stop halfway and destroys all tools

What is the legal effect of voluntary renunciation (renunțarea de bună voie) under Article 56 of the Moldovan Criminal Code?

• AThe person is exempt from criminal liability for the unconsummated crime, provided their…
• BThe person must be sentenced to half the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed for the…
• CThe person is transferred to military conscription automatically
• DVoluntary renunciation is not recognized as a defense in Moldovan criminal law

Under Article 42 of the Moldovan Criminal Code, which participant is defined as an instigator (instigatorul)?

• AThe person who intentionally determines, incites, or induces another person to commit an…
• BThe person who physically executes the material elements of the crime alone or jointly wi…
• CThe person who conceals the stolen goods after the crime has already been completely cons…
• DThe person who provides legal advice to the investigating authorities during questioning

What constitutes recidivism (recidiva de infracțiuni) under Article 34 of the Moldovan Criminal Code?

• AThe commission of an intentional crime by a person who has an unexpunged criminal record…
• BThe commission of multiple negligent misdemeanors within a single calendar week
• CThe simultaneous commission of two minor traffic violations during one journey
• DBeing questioned as a suspect in two separate investigations without ever being convicted

Under Article 60 of the Moldovan Criminal Code, how does the statute of limitations for criminal liability (prescripția tragerii la răspundere penală) operate?

• ACriminal liability is extinguished after the expiration of statutory periods ranging from…
• BAll crimes expire exactly 1 year after commission regardless of severity or sentencing ma…
• CCrimes against peace, humanity, and war crimes expire after 15 years
• DThe statute of limitations runs only during daylight working hours

Which statement accurately describes reconciliation of the parties (împăcarea) under Article 109 of the Moldovan Criminal Code?

• AIt can remove criminal liability for qualifying minor or less-serious offenses in the lis…
• BIt applies to every minor or less-serious offense without regard to the chapter, prior si…
• CIt is an executive pardon that only the President may approve after conviction
• DIt merely reduces the sentence and can be invoked only after the judgment becomes final

What is the core rule of the presumption of innocence (prezumția de nevinovăție) under Article 8 of the Moldovan Criminal Procedure Code (CPP)?

• AA person is presumed innocent until guilt is established by a final, irrevocable court ju…
• BThe defendant must prove their innocence by producing at least two credible alibi witness…
• CThe prosecutor's formal indictment creates a legal presumption of guilt during the trial…
• DThe judge must presume the defendant guilty if they exercise their constitutional right t…

In which circumstance is the participation of defense counsel mandatory (asistența juridică obligatorie) under Article 69 of the Moldovan Criminal Procedure Code?

• AWhen the suspect or accused is a minor, has physical or psychic disabilities, or is accus…
• BOnly when the defendant specifically signs a waiver requesting that no attorney be present
• COnly in minor traffic misdemeanors punishable by a small warning fine
• DStrictly when the victim is a foreign diplomat

What is the maximum statutory duration of procedural detention (reținerea) of a suspect without a court warrant under Article 166 of the Moldovan CPP?

• AUp to 72 hours for adults, and up to 24 hours for minors
• BUp to 30 days automatically at the discretion of the police investigator
• CUp to 7 days, extendable by the prosecutor without judicial review
• DIndefinite duration until the suspect agrees to provide a formal deposition

What is the initial statutory duration for which an investigating judge may order preventive arrest (arestul preventiv) under Article 185 of the Moldovan CPP?

• AFor a maximum period of 30 days
• BFor exactly 6 months with no periodic judicial reviews
• CFor 72 hours only, after which all charges must be dropped
• DFor the entire duration of the trial up to 5 years

Under Article 188 of the Moldovan CPP, what restrictions may the investigating judge impose on an accused placed under house arrest (arestul la domiciliu)?

• AProhibition from leaving the dwelling, prohibition of communicating with specific individ…
• BMandatory uncompensated labor at a local municipal construction site during daytime
• CSurrender of all commercial bank accounts to the prosecutor's personal administration
• DImmediate deportation to another sovereign state during the investigation

What is the primary role of the investigating judge (judecătorul de instrucție) in pre-trial criminal proceedings under Article 41 and Article 313 of the Moldovan CPP?

• AExercising judicial control over the legality of actions, decisions, and omissions of the…
• BDrafting the formal indictment and prosecuting the defendant before the trial court
• CSupervising police undercover officers in active sting operations
• DDetermining the final guilt or innocence of the accused and issuing the final sentence