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Question

Read the following passage: 'The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens to undo a century of medical progress. While public awareness campaigns often emphasize patient compliance and the overprescription of antibiotics in primary care, agricultural use is also an important driver. In many regions, subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics are routinely administered to livestock not to treat diagnosed infections, but to promote growth and prevent disease in high-density facilities. This practice creates an ideal selective environment for resistant bacterial strains, which can transfer resistance genes across species via horizontal gene transfer before entering the human food chain.' Which of the following statements is most directly supported by the passage?

Reading And Knowledge

Question · Easy

Question

Read the following passage: 'Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, alter gene expression without changing the underlying nucleotide sequence. For decades, the central dogma of molecular biology was interpreted as a deterministic blueprint where phenotypic outcomes were strictly dictated by inherited alleles. However, epidemiological studies of populations exposed to severe famine—such as the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944–1945—demonstrated that prenatal nutritional deprivation led to persistent metabolic alterations in offspring, including elevated rates of obesity and cardiovascular disease in adult life, mediated by differential methylation of the IGF2 gene.' What is the primary function of the reference to the Dutch Hunger Winter in the passage?

Reading And Knowledge

Question · Easy

Question

Read the following excerpt: 'In bioethics, the principle of non-maleficence requires clinicians to avoid inflicting unnecessary harm on patients. Yet in oncology, systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy intentionally damages healthy, rapidly proliferating cells—including hematopoietic progenitors and mucosal epithelium—to arrest tumor growth. This clinical reality does not breach non-maleficence because the intended therapeutic benefit outweighs the predictable, unavoidable toxicities, provided the patient has given informed consent.' According to the author, why does administering cytotoxic chemotherapy not violate non-maleficence?

Reading And Knowledge

Question · Medium

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