Ghana Professional Law Course Entrance Examination (GLC/IEC)

Which provision of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana establishes the supremacy of the Constitution and declares any other law inconsistent with it void to the extent of the inconsistency?

• AArticle 1(2)
• BArticle 2(1)
• CArticle 11(1)
• DArticle 125(1)

Under Article 2 of the 1992 Constitution, which court has exclusive original jurisdiction to hear and determine actions for a declaration that an enactment or act is inconsistent with, or in contravention of, the Constitution?

• AThe Supreme Court
• BThe Court of Appeal
• CThe High Court
• DThe Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ)

Under Article 72 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, in what capacity does the President exercise the prerogative of mercy to grant pardons or respites to convicted persons?

• AIn consultation with the Council of State
• BOn the binding advice of the Cabinet
• CIn sole discretion without external consultation
• DWith the prior approval of a two-thirds majority in Parliament

Which Article of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana guarantees general freedoms, including the freedom of speech and expression, which includes freedom of the press and other media?

• AArticle 21(1)(a)
• BArticle 12(2)
• CArticle 19(2)
• DArticle 29(1)

Under Article 75 of the 1992 Constitution, a treaty, agreement or convention executed by the President on behalf of the Republic of Ghana must be ratified by which of the following processes to be binding?

• AAn Act of Parliament or a parliamentary resolution supported by more than half of all Mem…
• BA binding decision of the Cabinet signed by the President
• CA two-thirds majority approval of the Council of State
• DA national referendum approved by at least fifty percent of voters

Article 78(1) of the 1992 Constitution dictates that the President must appoint Ministers of State with the prior approval of Parliament. What restriction is placed on the sources of these ministerial appointments?

• AThe majority of Ministers of State must be appointed from among Members of Parliament
• BAll Ministers of State must be appointed from outside of Parliament
• CNo Minister of State may hold a seat in Parliament during tenure
• DMinisters of State must be nominated by the Council of State first

According to Article 129(3) of the 1992 Constitution, what is the status of the Supreme Court of Ghana regarding judicial precedent?

• AThe Supreme Court is not bound to follow its own previous decisions, and all other courts…
• BThe Supreme Court is strictly bound by its own previous decisions, and other courts are b…
• CThe Supreme Court is not bound by its own decisions, and other courts are not bound by th…
• DThe Supreme Court is bound by decisions of the Court of Appeal on questions of fact

Under Article 107 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, Parliament is prohibited from passing any law which has the effect of:

• AAltering the decision or judgment of any court, or retroactively penalizing any person
• BImposing a tax without a national referendum
• CAbolishing customary law within any region of Ghana
• DAmending non-entrenched clauses of the Constitution without Council of State approval

What is the significance of Article 108 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana regarding the legislative process?

• AIt prohibits Parliament from proceeding on private members' bills that impose financial b…
• BIt grants the President a pocket veto that cannot be overridden by Parliament
• CIt mandates that all bills must be passed by a unanimous vote of the Cabinet before prese…
• DIt requires the High Court to certify the constitutionality of a bill before it is debated

Which constitutional body in Ghana is established under Chapter 18 of the 1992 Constitution with the mandate to investigate violations of fundamental rights, abuse of power, and corruption by public officials?

• ACommission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ)
• BNational Commission for Civic Education (NCCE)
• CThe Judicial Council
• DThe Council of State

Article 14(3) of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana states that any person who is arrested, restricted, or detained must be brought before a court of law within what maximum time limit?

• AForty-eight (48) hours
• BTwenty-four (24) hours
• CSeventy-two (72) hours
• DSeven (7) days

According to Article 33(5) of the 1992 Constitution, how should the list of fundamental human rights and freedoms in Chapter 5 be interpreted?

• AThe list is not exhaustive and includes other rights inherent in a democracy and intended…
• BThe list is strictly exhaustive and cannot be expanded except by constitutional amendment
• CThe list applies only to citizens of Ghana and excludes foreign nationals
• DThe list is subordinate to customary law in matters of personal status and inheritance

Under Article 19(11) of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, a person cannot be convicted of a criminal offence unless:

• AThe offence is defined and the penalty for it is written in a written law
• BThe victim of the offence testifies in open court
• CThe Chief Justice certifies the conviction as legally sound
• DThe Attorney-General personally prosecutes the case in court

Under Article 20 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, when the state compulsorily acquires private property for public use, what is the constitutional requirement regarding compensation?

• APrompt payment of fair and adequate compensation must be made, with a right of access to…
• BCompensation is paid only if the owner has no other source of income
• CThe state is permitted to defer compensation indefinitely if in a state of financial dist…
• DCompensation must be paid in land of equivalent size in another region

Under Article 31 of the 1992 Constitution, which of the following is required for the President to declare a state of emergency in Ghana?

• AActing in consultation with the Council of State
• BThe prior consent of a majority of the Regional Ministers
• CA declaration signed jointly by the President and the Chief Justice
• DThe prior approval of a three-fourths majority of the Cabinet

Which article of the 1992 Constitution establishes the independence of the Judiciary and states that neither the President nor Parliament shall interfere with judicial functions?

• AArticle 125(1)
• BArticle 127(1)
• CArticle 131(1)
• DArticle 137

What is the constitutional process for amending an 'entrenched' provision of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana?

• AA bill passed by Parliament must be submitted to a national referendum and obtain at leas…
• BA simple majority vote in Parliament followed by approval of the Judicial Council
• CA two-thirds majority vote in Parliament and consultation with the Council of State witho…
• DThe President issues a decree which is gazetted for ninety days

In the law of contract, which of the following is classically considered an invitation to treat rather than a unilateral offer?

• AThe display of goods in a shop window with a price tag attached
• BAn advertisement offering a reward for the return of a lost item
• CAn auctioneer knocking down a lot with his gavel
• DA formal quotation sent to a customer detailing terms of sale

Under the common law 'postal rule' of acceptance, when is an acceptance deemed legally effective?

• AAs soon as the letter of acceptance is posted, provided it is properly stamped and addres…
• BWhen the letter of acceptance actually reaches the offeror's physical address
• CWhen the offeror opens and reads the letter of acceptance
• DWhen the post office delivers the letter to the offeror's agent

Section 8(1) of the Contracts Act, 1960 (Act 25) of Ghana alters the common law rule on revocation of offers. What does it provide?

• AA promise to keep an offer open for a given period is not invalid for want of considerati…
• BAn offer cannot be revoked once the offeree has read it, even if no timeframe was specifi…
• CAn offer must be kept open for a minimum of fourteen days in all commercial transactions
• DAn offer made orally is automatically irrevocable for twenty-four hours

Under Section 10 of the Contracts Act, 1960 (Act 25) of Ghana, what is the legal effect of a promise to waive a debt or release an obligation?

• AThe promise is binding on the promisor without consideration if the promise is performanc…
• BThe promise is void unless the debtor pays at least ten percent of the debt
• CThe promise is valid only if executed as a deed under seal
• DThe promise is voidable at the option of the creditor's bank

How does Section 9 of the Contracts Act, 1960 (Act 25) of Ghana address the performance of a pre-existing legal or contractual duty as consideration?

• AThe performance of, or promise to perform, an act which the person was already bound to p…
• BIt declares that pre-existing duties can never constitute valid consideration
• CIt requires that pre-existing duties must be renegotiated in court to be valid
• DIt states that performing a pre-existing duty only counts if done by a third party

In the law of contract, what is the meaning of the rule that 'consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate'?

• AConsideration must have some value in the eyes of the law, but the courts will not invest…
• BConsideration must be of equal financial value to the promise received
• CConsideration must be paid in legal tender of the Republic of Ghana
• DConsideration must satisfy a reasonable man test before the contract is formed

What is the statutory exception to the doctrine of privity of contract created by Section 5 of the Contracts Act, 1960 (Act 25) of Ghana?

• AA third party who is not a party to a contract may enforce a provision of the contract if…
• BA contract cannot be enforced by anyone who is not a direct signatory to the written deed
• COnly state-owned enterprises are exempt from the rules of privity of contract
• DPrivity of contract is abolished only for contracts relating to the sale of family lands

Which of the following is true regarding a minor's capacity to contract under the law of contract in Ghana?

• AContracts for necessaries bind the minor, while other contracts are generally voidable or…
• BAll contracts entered into by a minor are strictly void ab initio
• CA minor is fully bound by all commercial contracts if they are over the age of twelve
• DA contract with a minor is enforceable by the minor only if approved by the High Court

Where both parties to a contract enter into the agreement under a shared, fundamental mistake regarding the existence of the subject matter, the contract is classically:

• AVoid at common law
• BVoidable at the option of the buyer
• CFrustrated, requiring apportionment under Act 25
• DEnforceable with damages for breach of warranty

To succeed in an action for fraudulent misrepresentation, the plaintiff must prove that the false statement of fact was made by the defendant:

• AKnowingly, or without belief in its truth, or recklessly, careless whether it be true or…
• BNegligently, in breach of a duty of care owed to the plaintiff
• CInnocently, believing the statement to be true when it was actually false
• DOrally only, as written statements cannot support fraud in contract

What is the legal effect of a contract entered into under economic duress?

• AThe contract is voidable, allowing the victim to rescind the contract provided they do no…
• BThe contract is void ab initio, and no title to property can pass under it
• CThe contract is illegal and cannot be enforced by either party
• DThe contract is automatically reformed by the court to reflect fair market terms

Under the doctrine of undue influence, where a fiduciary or confidential relationship exists between the parties (e.g., doctor and patient):

• AThere is a rebuttable presumption of undue influence, shifting the burden of proof to the…
• BThe contract is strictly void and cannot be ratified by the parties
• CThe weaker party must prove actual coercion and threats of violence
• DThe contract is valid only if registered with the Registrar-General

How are the rights and liabilities of parties adjusted upon the frustration of a contract under Part I of the Contracts Act, 1960 (Act 25) of Ghana?

• AAll sums paid before the frustration are recoverable, and sums payable cease to be payabl…
• BThe loss lies where it falls, meaning no money paid before the frustrating event can be r…
• CThe contract is kept alive, and parties must perform as closely as possible to the origin…
• DThe court will order the defendant to pay full damages for non-performance as if they bre…

In Hadley v Baxendale, the court established the rules governing remoteness of damage in contract. Under the first limb of this rule, a plaintiff can recover damages for losses that:

• AArise naturally, in the usual course of things, from the breach itself
• BWere specifically communicated to the defendant at the time of contracting as potential r…
• CAre punitive in nature, designed to deter future breaches
• DRepresent the subjective emotional distress suffered by the plaintiff

Which of the following describes the remedy of specific performance in Ghanaian contract law?

• AAn equitable, discretionary remedy that orders a party to perform their contractual oblig…
• BA common law remedy available as of right to any party who proves a breach of contract
• CA penalty order designed to punish a defaulting party by doubling their liability
• DAn order that is routinely granted in contracts for personal service or employment

Under Ghanaian law, what is the effect of a clause in a contract that pre-estimates damages for breach as a 'penalty' rather than 'liquidated damages'?

• AThe clause is unenforceable, and the court will assess the actual loss suffered by the pl…
• BThe court will enforce the penalty clause strictly to deter breaches of contract
• CThe entire contract is declared illegal and void
• DThe defendant is arrested for civil contempt

Under the Contracts Act, 1960 (Act 25) of Ghana, how is a promise made by one person to another to perform an act for the benefit of a third party classified?

• AIt is a valid contract that can be enforced by the third party directly under Section 5
• BIt is a void agreement because the third party did not provide consideration to the promi…
• CIt is a unilateral gift that can only be enforced by the donor
• DIt is voidable at the option of the President of Ghana

In the tort of negligence, which case established the foundational 'neighbour principle' for determining the existence of a duty of care?

• ADonoghue v Stevenson
• BCaparo Industries plc v Dickman
• CHadley v Baxendale
• DRylands v Fletcher

How is the standard of care of a professional (such as a doctor or lawyer) assessed when negligence is alleged?

• AThe standard is that of a reasonable, competent member of that specific profession (the B…
• BThe standard is that of the absolute best practitioner in the field
• CThe standard is that of the ordinary reasonable man on the street
• DThe standard is subjective, based on the specific practitioner's years of experience

What is the legal effect of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur in a negligence trial?

• AIt raises a prima facie presumption of negligence, shifting the evidential burden to the…
• BIt immediately awards summary judgment and damages to the plaintiff
• CIt excludes all circumstantial evidence, requiring direct eye-witness testimony
• DIt insulates the defendant from liability if the accident was an act of God

In establishing factual causation in the tort of negligence, the plaintiff must satisfy which test?

• AThe 'but for' test
• BThe reasonable foreseeability test
• CThe neighbor proximity test
• DThe eggshell skull test

Under the rule established in The Wagon Mound (No. 1), how is the remoteness of damage in negligence determined?

• AThe defendant is only liable for damage that was of a reasonably foreseeable kind or type
• BThe defendant is liable for all direct consequences of their breach, regardless of forese…
• CThe defendant is only liable for physical injuries, not property damage
• DThe defendant is liable only if the exact manner in which the injury occurred was foresee…

To establish vicarious liability, what two elements must the plaintiff prove?

• AAn employer-employee relationship and that the tort was committed in the course of employ…
• BA contract of service and that the employer personally approved the tortious act
• CA partnership agreement and that the damage exceeded a specific financial threshold
• DA principal-agent relationship and that the agent acted outside the scope of their author…

Under what circumstances is an employer NOT vicariously liable for a tort committed by an employee who deviates from their duties?

• AWhen the employee is on a 'frolic of their own,' acting entirely outside the scope of emp…
• BWhen the employee violates a specific safety instruction of the employer while performing…
• CWhen the employee commits a criminal act during working hours
• DWhen the employee's contract has not been registered with the Labour Commission

Which of the following is a key legal distinction between libel and slander in the law of defamation?

• ALibel is in a permanent form and is actionable per se; slander is in a temporary form and…
• BLibel applies only to statements about public figures; slander applies to private citizens
• CLibel is a criminal offence only; slander is a civil tort only
• DLibel requires proof of actual malice in all cases; slander does not

In a civil action for defamation in Ghana, how does the defence of justification operate?

• AIt is a complete defence if the defendant proves that the defamatory statement of fact is…
• BIt allows the defendant to escape liability by showing they had a good motive for publish…
• CIt requires the defendant to publish a retraction in a national newspaper within seven da…
• DIt is available only to Members of Parliament speaking on the floor of the House

The defence of qualified privilege in defamation is defeated if the plaintiff can prove that the defendant:

• AWas motivated by express malice
• BDid not obtain prior legal advice before publishing
• CFailed to prove the statement was completely true
• DPublished the statement to more than ten people

In the tort of trespass to the person, which of the following constitutes an assault?

• AAn act that causes the plaintiff to reasonably apprehend the immediate application of unl…
• BThe actual, direct application of unlawful physical force to the plaintiff's body
• CRestricting the plaintiff's freedom of movement in all directions without authority
• DDirectly throwing an object at a person that misses and goes unnoticed by them

To succeed in an action for false imprisonment, what must the plaintiff establish regarding the nature of the restraint?

• AThere must be a total restraint of the plaintiff's liberty in all directions without lawf…
• BThe plaintiff must have been locked in a room or cell for at least twenty-four hours
• CThe restraint must have been accompanied by physical violence or threat of force
• DThe plaintiff must have suffered physical injury as a result of the detention

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the tort of trespass to land?

• AIt is actionable per se, meaning the plaintiff does not need to prove that they suffered…
• BThe plaintiff must hold the allodial title to the land to bring an action
• CThe defendant's entry onto the land must be proven to have been malicious
• DIt applies only if the land is registered under the Land Act, 2020

What is the standard for determining liability in an action for private nuisance?

• AThe interference with the use and enjoyment of land must be unreasonable and substantial,…
• BThe defendant must be proven to have acted with the intent to injure the plaintiff
• CThe plaintiff must show that the activity decreased the market value of their property by…
• DThe defendant is strictly liable for any noise or smell escaping their property