A patient's arterial blood gas shows pH 7.30, PaCO2 30 mmHg, and HCO3- 14 mmol/L. Which acid-base disturbance is present?
Biomedical Sciences
Question · Hard
P-R-I-L: the -pril arena anthem
Short
What is homeostasis, and why is it central to interpreting a patient's vital signs?
Physiology & Pathophysiology
Flashcard
Which hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary, primarily increases water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts?
Question · Easy
Life-threatening condition in which a dysregulated response to infection causes organ dysfunction.
Biomedical sciences
Guess the Term
Introduction & Exam Overview
1.1: About the OPRA Exam
Study guide
Cheat sheet
A patient with type 1 diabetes presents with hyperglycaemia, ketonaemia, and metabolic acidosis. Which underlying mechanism best explains the ketone production?
Question · Medium
Read the clue and guess the term in 6 tries.
Game
How does a negative feedback loop maintain homeostasis, and what happens when it fails?
Which immunoglobulin class is the first to be produced in a primary immune response and is most efficient at activating complement?
Chronic inflammatory lung condition with variable respiratory symptoms and variable airflow limitation.
Staphylococcus aureus is best described by which set of microbiological characteristics?
A patient has a suspected infection. What quick bedside criteria flag possible sepsis?
In a healthy adult, which value most accurately reflects a normal fasting blood glucose level?
Swelling caused by fluid that is not removed from body tissues.
1.2: Study and Preparation Strategy for OPRA
Which part of the nephron is the primary site of action of loop diuretics such as furosemide (frusemide)?
Swap tiles to line up three of the same term.
Term Match
What three values does the body regulate to maintain acid-base balance, and why does this matter for drug therapy?
A patient develops left ventricular failure. Which compensatory mechanism initially helps maintain cardiac output but ultimately worsens the failure?
Infection that destroys CD4 white blood cells and leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
Which laboratory finding is most characteristic of iron-deficiency anaemia?
Which three electrolytes are most often disturbed by drug therapy, and why does this matter clinically?
The blood-brain barrier limits the entry of many drugs into the central nervous system. Which property of a drug most favours its passage across this barrier?
Functional group cleaved by hydrolysis into an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
Medicinal chemistry
Chapter 2: Biomedical Sciences
2.1: Human Physiology & Homeostasis
Which cell type in the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid, and what is the molecular target of proton pump inhibitors?
Flip two cards at a time to find matching terms.
Term Pairs
A lab report says a bacterium is 'Gram-positive.' What does this tell you, and how does it differ from Gram-negative?
Microbiology & Immunology
An elevated serum troponin together with chest pain and ST-segment changes is most indicative of which pathological process?
Describing a molecule with an asymmetric centre whose mirror-image forms can differ in pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic effects.
Which of the following best describes the normal adult plasma potassium reference range?
How does innate immunity differ from adaptive immunity in speed and specificity?
A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has chronic hypercapnia. Which compensatory change in the blood would you expect?
Pharmacokinetic parameter calculated from a plot of plasma level against clock readings and used to compare extent of absorption.
Pharmacokinetics
2.2: Pathophysiology of Major Organ Systems
Which neurotransmitter is predominantly deficient in the nigrostriatal pathway of patients with Parkinson's disease?
Find five hidden terms in a grid of letters.
Term Search
Name three general mechanisms bacteria use to resist antibiotics.
Which of the following is the primary physiological role of insulin?
Peak plasma level of a medicine, used to compare how quickly it is absorbed.
A patient has a markedly elevated serum creatinine and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Which organ function is impaired?
What are the four broad categories of vaccine, and how do they differ in what they deliver to the immune system?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction underlies anaphylaxis to penicillin?
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