X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons strike a target inside the X-ray tube. What primarily determines the maximum energy of the resulting X-ray spectrum?
Asnt Ndt Iii Rt Physics
Question · Easy
Iridium-192 has a half-life of approximately 75 days. A new source assayed at 80 Ci will decay to roughly what activity after 150 days?
Cobalt-60 emits two principal gamma rays. What are their approximate energies?
Question · Medium
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Selenium-75 is increasingly used in industrial radiography because it offers an intermediate option between Ir-192 and X-rays. Approximately what is its half-life?
The linear attenuation coefficient (mu) of a material is related to its half-value layer (HVL) by which expression?
If the source-to-film distance (SFD) is doubled, by what factor does the radiation intensity at the film change, assuming no scatter changes?
Compton scattering predominantly affects radiographic image quality in what way?
An Ir-192 source measured 100 Ci 50 days ago. Using a 75-day half-life, the current activity is approximately:
Question · Hard
The photoelectric effect is most likely to dominate over Compton scattering when:
Increasing the kVp on an X-ray tube while holding mA-s constant produces what effect on the radiograph?
Bremsstrahlung radiation is best described as:
Characteristic X-rays from a tungsten target appear at specific discrete energies because they originate from:
A steel plate has a linear attenuation coefficient of 0.693 cm-1 at the energy of interest. What is its half-value layer for that beam?
Tenth-value layer (TVL) is most useful for shielding calculations because it represents the thickness that:
Increasing the milliamperage (mA) on an X-ray tube while holding kVp and time constant primarily changes:
If the kVp is increased from 150 to 200 kVp on a typical steel radiograph, you would generally expect:
An Ir-192 source decays approximately what percent per day?
Pair production becomes a significant photon interaction mechanism only when photon energy exceeds:
Why does Co-60 generally permit radiography of thicker steel sections than Ir-192?
The reciprocity law in radiography states that:
An X-ray tube focal spot is described as 'effective' or 'apparent' focal spot. Why is the effective focal spot smaller than the actual physical focal spot?
Asnt Ndt Iii Rt Equipment
Which of the following is the most common target material in industrial X-ray tubes?
A panoramic X-ray tube head emits radiation in what pattern?
The primary purpose of a collimator on an industrial radiography exposure device is to:
An exposure device (gamma source projector) typically uses what shielding material around the source capsule in the storage position?
A 'source guide tube' on a gamma projector serves what function?
Daily/pre-use checks on a gamma exposure device must include a survey of which item before and after each exposure?
Constant-potential X-ray generators differ from self-rectified units in that they:
When choosing source-to-film distance (SFD) for a given technique, the radiographer must balance:
A 'category I exposure device' under 10 CFR 71 / DOT regulations refers to:
Lead intensifying screens used in industrial film radiography work primarily by:
Why is the front lead intensifying screen typically thinner than the back screen?
Industrial X-ray film cassettes are loaded under what lighting condition for standard slow-speed films?
A Geiger-Mueller (GM) survey meter is best used for:
Survey meters used in industrial radiography must be calibrated at least how often per 10 CFR 34?
A 'Type B' radioactive material package used to transport industrial radiography sources is designed to withstand:
Geometric unsharpness (Ug) is calculated by which formula?
Asnt Ndt Iii Rt Exposure Image Quality
A 3 mm focal spot is used at a source-to-film distance of 36 inches to image a part with a 4-inch object-to-film distance. What is the geometric unsharpness?
ASME Section V allows a maximum geometric unsharpness of 0.020 inch for materials up to 2 inches thick. What is the most direct way to reduce Ug for a given setup?
Per ASME Section V Article 2, the acceptable density range through the area of interest for a single film viewed by transmitted light is:
Film density of 2.0 means that the film transmits what fraction of the viewing light?
An ASME hole-type image quality indicator (IQI) marked '2-2T' indicates that:
When using wire-type IQIs per ASTM E747, the designated wire that must be visible defines the:
Per ASME Section V Article 2, the IQI is preferentially placed:
Subject contrast on a radiograph depends primarily on:
Film contrast (gradient) depends primarily on:
Definition (image sharpness) is degraded by which factors?
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