Series 7 Exam Last-Minute Review
You are not learning new material now. You are protecting the points you already own and stopping the four or five predictable mistakes that turn a 71 into a 73.
This page is built for the final 48 hours. It is ordered by where the marks actually are, it flags every number that changed for 2026, and it ends with the exact block of formulas to write on your note board in the first two minutes of the exam.
If you have more than a week left, use the full Series 7 cheat sheet instead. This one is triage.
What Changed for 2026
Most cram sheets online are running on 2024 numbers. Check yours against these before you trust anything on it.
| Item | Old | Current | Effective |
|---|---|---|---|
| Series 7 exam fee | $300 | $395 | 2026 fee schedule |
| SIE exam fee | $80 | $100 | January 2026 |
| Total items delivered | 135 (10 pretest) | 130 (5 pretest) | October 2025 outline |
| FINRA Rule 3220 gift limit | $100/person/year | $300/person/year | March 30, 2026 |
| MSRB Rule G-20 gift limit | $100/person/year | $300/person/year | June 1, 2026 (FINRA-member dealers) |
| Ex-dividend date | 1 business day before record date | The record date itself | May 28, 2024 (T+1) |
| IRA contribution limit | $7,000 | $7,500 | 2026 tax year |
| 401(k) elective deferral | $23,500 | $24,500 | 2026 tax year |
| Mandatory Roth catch-up | Did not apply | Required for high earners | January 1, 2026 |
| Day-trading margin | Pattern day trader rules, $25,000 minimum | Intraday margin standards; PDT designation eliminated | June 4, 2026 (firm phase-in to Oct 20, 2027) |
Still unchanged, despite what you may have read: the retake waiting periods. FINRA filed an amendment to Rule 1210 on June 29, 2026 that will cut them to 15/15/60 days, but FINRA has said the shorter waits are not yet in effect and will be switched on by a future Regulatory Notice. Until then the waits are still 30 days, 30 days, then 180 days.
Exam Structure (Current Outline)
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Scored items | 125 |
| Unscored pretest items | 5 |
| Total items delivered | 130 |
| Time limit | 3 hours 45 minutes (225 minutes) |
| Passing score | 72 |
| Exam fee | $395 |
| Corequisite | SIE exam (either order) |
| Guessing penalty | None |
| Reference materials | Not permitted |
Three things about that table trip candidates up.
The pretest count changed. FINRA's October 2025 content outline cut the unscored pretest items from 10 to 5. You now sit 130 items, not 135. The five pretest items are scattered at random and you cannot identify them, so the practical advice is unchanged: answer everything.
"72" is a scaled score, not a raw percentage. FINRA equates every candidate's score onto a common scale so that a slightly harder item set is not punished. In round numbers you are aiming at roughly 90 of the 125 scored items, but the exact raw count that clears the bar moves a little with your particular item set. Do not walk in planning to miss exactly 35.
The SIE is a corequisite, not a prerequisite. You can sit the Series 7 before the SIE. You just cannot be registered as a General Securities Representative until both are passed and your firm has filed your U4.
Budget Your Clock
225 minutes over 130 items is 1 minute 44 seconds per item. Options and margin questions eat two to three minutes each; a definition question takes fifteen seconds. Set two checkpoints: you want to be at item 45 by the 75-minute mark and item 90 by the 150-minute mark. If you are behind at a checkpoint, start flagging and moving instead of grinding.
Retake Rules If It Goes Badly
| Attempt | Current waiting period |
|---|---|
| After 1st failure | 30 days |
| After 2nd failure | 30 days |
| After 3rd and subsequent failures (within 2 years) | 180 days |
Each attempt costs another $395, and there is no lifetime cap on attempts.
Where the Marks Actually Are
The exam is built from four job functions with fixed item counts. Ignore the topic ordering in your textbook and study these weights instead.
| Function | Description | % | Items |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Seeks business for the broker-dealer from customers and potential customers | 7% | 9 |
| 2 | Opens accounts after obtaining and evaluating customers' financial profile and investment objectives | 9% | 11 |
| 3 | Provides customers with information about investments, makes recommendations, transfers assets and maintains appropriate records | 73% | 91 |
| 4 | Obtains and verifies customers' purchase and sales instructions and agreements; processes, completes and confirms transactions | 11% | 14 |
Function 3 is 91 of your 125 scored items. Products, recommendations, suitability, and the math that supports them. If you have one evening left, spend all of it inside Function 3, and inside Function 3 spend it on options.
Functions 1 and 2 together are only 20 items. Communications rules and account paperwork are worth knowing, but they are not where a borderline candidate is won or lost.
What You Actually Get in the Room
This is the single most common piece of stale advice in Series 7 cram material, including some very well-known books: they tell you to write your formulas on "scratch paper." You will not be given scratch paper.
| Delivery | Writing surface | Calculator |
|---|---|---|
| Prometric test center | Erasable note boards and dry-erase markers, issued on admittance | Four-function calculator issued by center staff; all materials returned at the end |
| Online proctored | No physical note board or paper permitted; an on-screen scratch pad only | On-screen four-function calculator only; no physical calculator |
You may not bring your own calculator either way, and no personal items go into the room. If you have practiced your dump sheet on paper with your own financial calculator, do one run-through on a dry-erase board with a basic four-function calculator before exam day. The friction is real and it is better discovered at home.
The Two-Minute Dump Sheet
Write these down before you look at item one. Nothing else. If you try to reproduce twelve tables you will burn eight minutes and still not have the one you need.
Options, four lines:
Call BE = Strike + Premium
Put BE = Strike - Premium
Debit spread: max loss = net premium; max gain = strike diff - net premium
Credit spread: max gain = net premium; max loss = strike diff - net premium
Margin, three lines:
Long EQ = MV - DR Long call price = DR / 0.75
Short EQ = CR - MV Short call price = CR / 1.30
Reg T 50% | Maint 25% long / 30% short | Min equity $2,000
Bonds and munis, three lines:
Current Yield = Annual Interest / Market Price
TEY = Muni Yield / (1 - Tax Bracket)
Discount: Coupon < CY < YTM < YTC (premium reverses)
The T-chart. Draw one empty two-column box labeled DR and CR. Every multi-leg options question goes into it: money out on the left, money in on the right. It is worth more than any formula you can memorize.
Options: The 73% Inside the 73%
The Four Single Positions
| Position | Right/Obligation | Outlook | Max Gain | Max Loss | Breakeven |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long Call | Right to BUY | Bullish | Unlimited | Premium paid | Strike + Premium |
| Short Call | Obligation to SELL | Bearish/Neutral | Premium received | Unlimited | Strike + Premium |
| Long Put | Right to SELL | Bearish | Strike - Premium | Premium paid | Strike - Premium |
| Short Put | Obligation to BUY | Bullish/Neutral | Premium received | Strike - Premium | Strike - Premium |
Two shortcuts hide in that table. For the long put, max gain and breakeven are the same number. For the short put, max loss and breakeven are the same number. That is two fewer things to memorize.
Buyers pay, so buyers have limited risk. Sellers collect, so sellers accept the greater risk. When a question strands you, start there.
Stock Plus Option: The Four Combined Positions
Most cram sheets stop at covered calls and protective puts. The exam does not. Note that once stock is in the position, every breakeven is measured from the stock cost, not the strike.
| Position | Structure | Max Gain | Max Loss | Breakeven |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covered Call | Long stock + short call | (Strike - Stock Cost) + Premium | Stock Cost - Premium | Stock Cost - Premium |
| Protective Put | Long stock + long put | Unlimited | (Stock Cost - Strike) + Premium | Stock Cost + Premium |
| Covered Put | Short stock + short put | (Stock Cost - Strike) + Premium | Unlimited | Stock Cost + Premium |
| Protective Call | Short stock + long call | Stock Cost - Premium | (Strike - Stock Cost) + Premium | Stock Cost - Premium |
Think of the two protective positions as insurance. You buy the option pointing the way you are afraid the market will move: long stock and worried about a fall, buy a put; short stock and worried about a rise, buy a call. The premium is the cost of the policy.
Collar: long stock + long put + short call. Caps both ends and is often structured at zero net cost. Own 100 shares at $50, buy the 45 put for $2, sell the 55 call for $2: max loss $500, max gain $500, net premium zero.
In the Money, Intrinsic Value, Time Value
| Option | In the Money | Out of the Money |
|---|---|---|
| Call | Market > Strike | Market < Strike |
| Put | Market < Strike | Market > Strike |
Intrinsic value is what the option is worth if exercised right now and can never be negative. The floor is zero, never a minus number. Call intrinsic = Market - Strike when positive; put intrinsic = Strike - Market when positive.
Spreads: Identify Before You Calculate
A spread is buying and selling the same type of option (both calls or both puts) on the same underlying. Before you touch a formula, answer one question: did money leave the account or enter it?
| Spread | Setup | Max Gain | Max Loss | Breakeven |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debit Call (Bull) | Buy low strike call, sell high strike call | Strike diff - Net debit | Net debit | Lower strike + Net debit |
| Debit Put (Bear) | Buy high strike put, sell low strike put | Strike diff - Net debit | Net debit | Higher strike - Net debit |
| Credit Call (Bear) | Sell low strike call, buy high strike call | Net credit | Strike diff - Net credit | Lower strike + Net credit |
| Credit Put (Bull) | Sell high strike put, buy low strike put | Net credit | Strike diff - Net credit | Higher strike - Net credit |
Every spread has exactly one side equal to the plain net premium and one side equal to strike difference minus net premium. Debit spreads pay the net premium as the max loss; credit spreads keep the net premium as the max gain. There is no third possibility.
Breakeven, two mnemonics instead of four formulas:
- Call spreads: add to the LOWER strike.
- Put spreads: subtract from the HIGHER strike.
Which way you want it to move: count the letters. DEBIT and WIDEN are both five letters. CREDIT and NARROW are both six. Paid to get in, you want the spread to widen and the contract exercised. Paid on the way in, you want it to narrow and expire worthless.
Worked example. Buy 1 XYZ 50 call at 5, sell 1 XYZ 60 call at 2. Net debit $3.
- Max loss = $3 x 100 = $300 (the net premium, because it is a debit)
- Max gain = ($60 - $50) - $3 = $7 x 100 = $700
- Breakeven = $50 + $3 = $53 (call spread, add to the lower strike)
Flip it to a credit put spread with the same strikes and premiums and the $300 and $700 simply swap sides.
Vertical, Horizontal, Diagonal
| Type | Strikes | Expirations |
|---|---|---|
| Vertical | Different | Same |
| Horizontal (calendar) | Same | Different |
| Diagonal | Different | Different |
Straddles and Strangles
| Position | Setup | Max Gain | Max Loss | Breakevens |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long Straddle | Buy call + buy put, same strike and expiration | Unlimited (upside) | Total premiums paid | Strike +/- total premiums |
| Short Straddle | Sell call + sell put, same strike and expiration | Total premiums received | Unlimited (upside) | Strike +/- total premiums |
| Long Strangle | Buy higher strike call + buy lower strike put | Unlimited (upside) | Total premiums paid | Call strike + total, put strike - total |
| Short Strangle | Sell higher strike call + sell lower strike put | Total premiums received | Unlimited (upside) | Call strike + total, put strike - total |
A straddle has two breakevens because it profits from a move in either direction, and the most common error on the exam is answering with only one of them. Use the total premium of both legs, not the call premium alone.
Buy the straddle when you expect a big move and do not know the direction. Sell it when you expect the stock to sit still. The strangle is the cheaper version that needs a bigger move to pay off.
Example. Buy 1 XYZ 50 call at 4 and 1 XYZ 50 put at 3. Total premium $7. Max loss $700 if the stock closes exactly at $50. Breakevens $57 and $43.
Exercise, Assignment, and Expiration
- The OCC issues, guarantees, and standardizes every listed option, and assigns exercise notices to clearing firms at random.
- One equity contract = 100 shares.
- Listed equity options expire on the third Friday of the expiration month. Trading in the expiring series ends at 4:00 pm ET that Friday; the customer exercise cut-off runs later, to 5:30 pm ET.
- Automatic exercise applies to any option $0.01 or more in the money at expiration unless the customer files do-not-exercise instructions.
- American style can be exercised any time before expiration; European style only at expiration. Most equity options are American; broad-based index options are usually European and settle in cash.
Account paperwork: the Options Disclosure Document must be delivered at or before account approval, and the signed options agreement must come back within 15 days of approval. Trading may begin once the account is approved; it is the signed agreement that has the 15-day clock.
Margin
The Two Equations
| Requirement | Value |
|---|---|
| Reg T initial (Federal Reserve) | 50% |
| FINRA maintenance, long | 25% of market value |
| FINRA maintenance, short | 30% of market value |
| Minimum equity | $2,000 (or 100% of purchase price if lower) |
| Intraday margin | Firms monitor an intraday margin deficit; the pattern day trader designation and its $25,000 minimum were eliminated |
| Short stock under $5 | Greater of $2.50 per share or 100% of market value |
Margin Call Shortcuts
Rather than testing values until one breaks, solve for the price directly.
Long example. Buy $20,000 of stock on margin. Reg T deposit $10,000, debit balance $10,000. The account goes into maintenance call when market value falls to $10,000 / 0.75 = $13,333. At a market value of $12,000: equity is $12,000 - $10,000 = $2,000, the requirement is 25% x $12,000 = $3,000, so the call is $1,000.
Short example. Sell short $20,000. Credit balance = $20,000 proceeds + $10,000 Reg T = $30,000. The call comes when market value rises to $30,000 / 1.30 = $23,077. At $24,000: equity is $30,000 - $24,000 = $6,000, requirement 30% x $24,000 = $7,200, call = $1,200.
SMA and Restricted Accounts
- SMA is a line of credit, not cash. It is created when equity exceeds the Reg T requirement, and it equals 50% of any increase in market value.
- Buying power = SMA x 2.
- SMA does not disappear when the market drops. This is tested constantly.
- A restricted account is one where equity has fallen below Reg T but is still above maintenance. No margin call is issued, but new purchases need a deposit, and on any sale the retention requirement sends 50% of the proceeds to SMA while 50% reduces the debit.
Cash Accounts and the Payment Period
Reg T defines the payment period as the standard settlement cycle plus two business days. Under T+1 that is T+3. Miss it and the firm must promptly sell out the position, then apply a 90-day freeze during which the customer must have cash in the account before any order is accepted. Firms may disregard shortfalls of $1,000 or less.
Municipal Securities
GO Versus Revenue
| General Obligation | Revenue | |
|---|---|---|
| Backed by | Full faith, credit, and taxing power | Revenue of a specific project only |
| Voter approval | Usually required | Not required |
| Debt limits | Subject to statutory limits | Not subject to debt limits |
| Analysis focus | Tax base, debt ratios, demographics | Feasibility study, coverage ratio, covenants |
| Relative safety | Generally higher | Depends entirely on the project |
GO analysis: assessed valuation, tax collection rate, debt per capita, debt as a percentage of assessed value, overlapping debt, population trends, economic diversity.
Revenue analysis: feasibility study, debt service coverage ratio, rate covenant, flow of funds, additional bonds test, maintenance covenant.
Flow of funds. Gross revenue pledge pays debt service before operations. Net revenue pledge pays operations first, then debt service. Net is far more common, and it is the one that sounds backwards, which is exactly why it is tested.
Municipal Tax Treatment
| Level | Treatment |
|---|---|
| Federal income tax | Exempt |
| State income tax | Exempt in the issuing state; taxable out of state |
| Capital gains | Always taxable |
| AMT | Certain private activity bonds are preference items |
- 4% muni, 22% bracket: 4 / 0.78 = 5.13%
- 4% muni, 32% bracket: 4 / 0.68 = 5.88%
- 4% muni, 37% bracket: 4 / 0.63 = 6.35%
MSRB Rules Worth Twenty Seconds Each
The MSRB writes the rules for municipal dealers, banks, and municipal advisors but has no enforcement power. The SEC and FINRA enforce them.
| Rule | What it says |
|---|---|
| G-17 | Fair dealing; no deceptive or unfair practices |
| G-19 | Suitability of recommendations |
| G-20 | Gift limit, raised from $100 to $300 per person per year, operative June 1, 2026 for FINRA-member dealers |
| G-37 | Political contributions and pay-to-play |
| G-15 | Customer confirmations and disclosure |
Rule G-37 in one paragraph. A contribution by a municipal finance professional to an official of an issuer triggers a two-year ban on the dealer engaging in negotiated municipal securities business with that issuer. The exception is a de minimis contribution of $250 or less per election, and only to a candidate the MFP is personally entitled to vote for. The MFP designation follows the person for one year after the last activity or position that gave rise to it. Contributions made before becoming an MFP can still count: the look-back runs two years for solicitors and primary MFPs, and six months for municipal finance principals, supervisory-chain persons, and executive officers.
Municipal Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Legal opinion | Bond counsel's opinion on legality and tax status; unqualified is clean, qualified carries a reservation |
| Official statement | The disclosure document, the muni equivalent of a prospectus |
| Competitive bid | Awarded on the lowest net interest cost |
| Negotiated sale | Underwriter selected in advance, terms negotiated |
| Pre-refunding | New issue sold to retire an old one; the old bonds become escrowed to maturity or to the call date |
| Par value | $5,000 minimum denomination |
Corporate Securities
Bond Seniority
| Type | Secured by | Relative risk |
|---|---|---|
| Mortgage bond | Real property | Lowest |
| Collateral trust | Securities of another company | Low |
| Equipment trust certificate | Rolling stock or equipment | Low |
| Debenture | General credit only | Higher |
| Subordinated debenture | Junior to other debentures | Highest |
Convertible Math
Example. A $1,000 bond convertible at $50 gives a conversion ratio of 20 shares. With the stock at $60, bond parity is 20 x $60 = $1,200. With the bond trading at $1,100, stock parity is $1,100 / 20 = $55.
Preferred Stock and Corporate Actions
| Preferred type | Feature |
|---|---|
| Cumulative | Missed dividends accumulate and must be paid before common |
| Participating | Shares in profits above the stated rate |
| Convertible | Exchangeable into common |
| Callable | Issuer may redeem |
| Adjustable rate | Dividend floats with a benchmark |
| Corporate action | Shares | Price | Cost basis per share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2:1 split | Doubles | Halves | Halves |
| 1:2 reverse split | Halves | Doubles | Doubles |
| Stock dividend | Increases | Decreases proportionally | Decreases |
Total market value and total cost basis are unchanged in every case. Only the per-share numbers move.
Common stock rights: vote (typically one vote per share), receive dividends if declared, preemptive rights to maintain proportional ownership, inspect the books, and a residual claim on assets in liquidation, which is last in line behind every creditor and preferred holder.
Investment Companies
| Type | Shares | Priced at | Traded |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open-end (mutual fund) | Unlimited | NAV, forward priced | Redeemed with the fund |
| Closed-end | Fixed | Market price, premium or discount to NAV | On an exchange |
| UIT | Fixed | NAV | Redeemable; self-liquidating, no active management |
| ETF | Creation units | Market price, close to NAV | On an exchange |
Note the denominator: the sales charge percentage is a percentage of POP, not of NAV. Getting that backwards is a favorite distractor.
| Share class | Load | 12b-1 | Suits |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Front-end, breakpoints available | Lower | Large amounts, long holding periods |
| B | Back-end CDSC declining over time | Higher | Long holds, small amounts |
| C | Level load | Highest | Short horizons, one to three years |
| Fee | Maximum |
|---|---|
| Sales load | 8.5% of POP (FINRA Rule 2341, and only if breakpoints, ROA, and LOI are offered) |
| 12b-1 | 0.75% distribution plus 0.25% service = 1.00% total |
| Redemption fee | 2% |
Breakpoints are volume discounts on the sales charge. A Letter of Intent locks in a breakpoint for purchases over the next 13 months and may be backdated up to 90 days. Rights of accumulation let existing holdings count toward the next breakpoint with no time limit. Steering a client just below a breakpoint to earn a higher commission is a breakpoint sale, and it is a violation.
Variable Products
| Phase | What happens |
|---|---|
| Accumulation | Purchases buy accumulation units in the separate account; growth is tax-deferred |
| Annuitization | Accumulation units convert to a fixed number of annuity units |
| Payout | The number of annuity units is fixed; the dollar value per unit floats with performance |
| Payout option | Payment size | On death |
|---|---|---|
| Life only (straight life) | Highest | Payments stop |
| Life with period certain | Lower | Beneficiary receives payments for the remaining period |
| Joint and last survivor | Lowest | Payments continue to the survivor |
| Unit refund life | Lower | Beneficiary receives the remaining units |
Investment risk sits with the contract owner, not the insurer. Surrender charges typically run about seven years, and withdrawals before age 59 1/2 add a 10% penalty on the taxable portion.
Variable life has a fixed scheduled premium and a guaranteed minimum death benefit. Variable universal life has flexible premiums and a flexible death benefit but no guaranteed minimum.
Direct Participation Programs
- Flow-through taxation. Income, losses, deductions, and credits pass through to the partners; the partnership itself pays no tax.
- Limited partners have liability limited to their investment and must stay passive. Take part in management and you can lose the limited-liability shield.
- General partner has unlimited liability and manages the program.
- Illiquid. There is no meaningful secondary market.
| Program | Typical benefits | Main risks |
|---|---|---|
| Real estate | Depreciation, cash flow | Vacancy, market values, illiquidity |
| Oil and gas | Intangible drilling costs, depletion | Dry holes, commodity prices |
| Equipment leasing | Depreciation, steady income | Obsolescence, residual values |
| Oil and gas program | Risk | Fits |
|---|---|---|
| Exploratory (wildcat) | Highest | Aggressive, high income, tax-benefit driven |
| Developmental | Moderate | Moderate |
| Income (producing wells) | Lowest | Conservative, income focused |
Tax items: intangible drilling costs are deductible in the year incurred, depletion is available under the cost or percentage method, and at-risk rules cap deductions at the amount the investor genuinely has at risk. Passive losses offset passive income only.
Suitability: DPPs fit high-bracket investors with long horizons who can tolerate total illiquidity, and they are frequently sold only to accredited investors. A retiree who needs income and access to capital is the classic wrong answer.
Customer Accounts and Retirement
| Account type | Key feature |
|---|---|
| Individual | One owner, full control |
| Joint tenants with right of survivorship | Equal undivided ownership; passes to the survivor |
| Tenants in common | Specified percentages; the decedent's share goes to the estate |
| Transfer on death | Named beneficiary, avoids probate |
| UGMA / UTMA | One custodian, one minor, irrevocable gift |
| Trust | Trustee acts under the trust document |
| Corporate | Requires corporate resolution naming authorized persons |
| Partnership | Governed by the partnership agreement |
UGMA and UTMA details worth a point: one custodian and one minor per account, the minor is the beneficial owner and the account uses the minor's Social Security number, gifts are irrevocable, the account cannot be margined, and it must be registered in cash. The custodianship ends at the state's age of termination, typically 18 or 21 under UGMA and commonly 21 under UTMA, with some states permitting a later age.
Retirement Plans
| Account | Contributions | Growth | RMDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional IRA | Pre-tax if deductible | Tax-deferred | Begin at age 73 |
| Roth IRA | After-tax | Tax-free if qualified | None during the owner's lifetime |
| 401(k) / 403(b) | Pre-tax | Tax-deferred | Begin at age 73 |
| Roth 401(k) | After-tax | Tax-free if qualified | None, since 2024 |
| SEP IRA | Employer only | Tax-deferred | Begin at age 73 |
| SIMPLE IRA | Employee plus employer | Tax-deferred | Begin at age 73 |
2026 Contribution Limits
| Plan | Employee limit | Catch-up (50+) | Super catch-up (60-63) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 401(k) / 403(b) / governmental 457(b) | $24,500 | +$8,000 | +$11,250 |
| Traditional and Roth IRA | $7,500 | +$1,100 | n/a |
| SIMPLE IRA | $17,000 | +$4,000 | +$5,250 |
| SEP IRA | Employer only | n/a | n/a |
New for 2026: under SECURE 2.0, a catch-up eligible participant whose 2025 FICA wages from the plan sponsor exceeded $150,000 must make all catch-up contributions as Roth contributions. The IRS indexed that threshold up from the statutory $145,000 in Notice 2025-67. The rule covers 401(k), 403(b), and governmental 457(b) plans. It does not apply to SIMPLE IRAs or SEPs. If the plan has no Roth feature, an affected participant cannot make catch-up contributions at all.
RMDs begin at age 73 and rise to 75 in 2033. The penalty for a missed RMD is 25%, cut to 10% if corrected inside the correction window.
Penalty exceptions before 59 1/2: death, disability, substantially equal periodic payments, medical expenses above 7.5% of AGI, and for IRAs a $10,000 first-time home purchase, qualified higher education, and health insurance premiums while unemployed. The age 55 separation from service exception applies to qualified plans, not to IRAs.
Suitability and Reg BI
Two Standards, Two Audiences
Regulation Best Interest is the SEC standard and it governs recommendations to retail customers. FINRA Rule 2111 still applies where Reg BI does not, principally to institutional and non-retail accounts.
| Reg BI obligation | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Disclosure | Deliver Form CRS and disclose material facts about the relationship, fees, and conflicts |
| Care | Reasonable diligence on risks, rewards, and costs; consider reasonably available alternatives; no excessive trading |
| Conflict of interest | Identify, disclose, and mitigate or eliminate conflicts |
| Compliance | Written policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve compliance |
Form CRS length is a favorite trap. A standalone broker-dealer or investment adviser is limited to two pages. Only a dual registrant combining both businesses into one summary may run to four pages. It must be plain English, delivered at or before the relationship begins, updated within 30 days of a material change, and posted publicly.
Rule 2111's Three Suitability Obligations
- Reasonable-basis. The product is suitable for at least some investors, and you understand it.
- Customer-specific. It is suitable for this particular customer's profile.
- Quantitative. The series of recommendations is not excessive. This is the churning test.
The Customer Profile
| Factor | What to weigh |
|---|---|
| Investment objective | Preservation, income, growth, growth and income, speculation |
| Risk tolerance | Conservative through aggressive |
| Time horizon | Short, intermediate, long |
| Liquidity needs | How fast the money may be needed |
| Tax status | Bracket, and whether the account is already tax-advantaged |
| Other investments | Concentration and diversification across the whole picture |
| Financial situation | Income, net worth, and existing obligations |
| Age and experience | Life stage and sophistication |
| Objective | Risk | Typical vehicles |
|---|---|---|
| Preservation of capital | Very low | T-bills, money market funds, insured CDs |
| Income | Low | Bonds, preferred stock, dividend equities |
| Growth and income | Moderate | Balanced funds, blue chips, utilities |
| Growth | Higher | Growth stocks, equity funds |
| Speculation | Highest | Options, penny stocks, wildcat programs |
Automatic wrong answers: municipal bonds inside an IRA, a variable annuity inside an IRA sold for the tax deferral, a DPP for someone who needs liquidity, concentrated positions for a conservative investor, and anything speculative for a retiree living on the account.
Regulations
The Four Acts
| Act | Covers |
|---|---|
| Securities Act of 1933 | New issues, the primary market, registration, prospectus delivery, antifraud |
| Securities Exchange Act of 1934 | The secondary market; created the SEC; registers broker-dealers and exchanges; 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K reporting |
| Investment Company Act of 1940 | Classifies and regulates open-end, closed-end, and UITs |
| Investment Advisers Act of 1940 | Registration and fiduciary duty of investment advisers |
FINRA Rules
| Rule | Topic |
|---|---|
| 2010 | Standards of commercial honor and just and equitable principles of trade |
| 2020 | Manipulative, deceptive, and fraudulent devices |
| 2111 | Suitability |
| 2121 | Fair prices and commissions, home of the 5% policy |
| 2210 | Communications with the public |
| 2360 | Options |
| 3110 | Supervision |
| 3220 | Gifts and gratuities, limit raised to $300 per person per year effective March 30, 2026 |
| 4210 | Margin requirements |
| 4512 | Customer account information |
The 5% policy is a guideline, not a rule. It applies to markups, markdowns, and commissions in secondary-market transactions, and it takes account of price, order size, availability, and the type of security. It does not apply to securities sold with a prospectus: mutual funds, new issues, DPPs, and variable contracts.
Rule 144: Restricted and Control Securities
| Element | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Holding period | 6 months for a reporting issuer; 12 months for a non-reporting issuer |
| Volume limit (affiliates) | In any 3-month period, the greater of 1% of shares outstanding or the average weekly trading volume over the preceding 4 weeks |
| Form 144 | Affiliates file when the sale exceeds 5,000 shares or $50,000 in any 3-month period |
| Manner of sale | Ordinary brokers' transactions, no solicitation, no special commission |
| Non-affiliates | Free of volume limits, manner-of-sale rules, and Form 144 once the holding period is met |
Exempt Offerings
| Exemption | Limit and conditions |
|---|---|
| Reg A, Tier 1 | Up to $20 million in 12 months |
| Reg A, Tier 2 | Up to $75 million in 12 months; audited financials and ongoing reporting |
| Reg D 506(b) | Unlimited amount; unlimited accredited plus up to 35 non-accredited sophisticated investors; no general solicitation |
| Reg D 506(c) | Unlimited amount; accredited investors only, with verification; general solicitation permitted |
| Reg CF | Up to $5 million in 12 months, through one registered portal or broker-dealer |
| Rule 147 / 147A | Intrastate offerings |
Accredited investor: $200,000 individual income or $300,000 joint for the last two years with a reasonable expectation of the same this year, or $1 million net worth excluding the primary residence. Since 2020 the definition also captures individuals holding a Series 7, 65, or 82 in good standing. Passing this exam makes you one.
Trading and Settlement
| Order | Executes | Used for |
|---|---|---|
| Market | Immediately at the best available price | Certainty of execution |
| Limit | At the limit price or better | Certainty of price |
| Stop | Becomes a market order once triggered | Protecting a gain, capping a loss |
| Stop-limit | Becomes a limit order once triggered | Price control, at the risk of no fill |
Buy stops and sell limits sit above the market; sell stops and buy limits sit below it.
| Time in force | Duration |
|---|---|
| Day | Expires at the close |
| GTC | Good until executed or canceled |
| IOC | Fill what you can immediately, cancel the rest |
| FOK | Fill the entire order immediately or cancel it |
| AON | Fill the entire order, but it may wait |
Settlement
| Transaction | Settlement |
|---|---|
| Stocks, corporate bonds, munis, government bonds | T+1 |
| Options | T+1 |
| Mutual funds | T+1 |
| Cash trade | Same day |
| Reg T payment period | T+3 (settlement cycle plus two business days) |
T+1 has been the standard cycle since May 28, 2024.
The Ex-Dividend Trap
This is the change that catches candidates working from older material. Under the old T+2 cycle the ex-dividend date fell one business day before the record date. Under T+1, FINRA Rule 11140 sets the ex-date on the record date itself.
- Buy before the record date and you settle in time to be a holder of record, so you receive the dividend.
- Buy on the record date, which is now the ex-date, and you do not.
- For a large distribution of 25% or more of the value of the security, the ex-date instead falls the first business day after the payable date.
- The stock price typically opens lower by roughly the dividend amount on the ex-date.
Economics
| When rates rise | When rates fall |
|---|---|
| Bond prices fall | Bond prices rise |
| Borrowing slows | Borrowing accelerates |
| The dollar tends to strengthen | The dollar tends to weaken |
| Yield curve | Signal |
|---|---|
| Normal, upward sloping | Expansion; longer maturities yield more |
| Flat | Transition or uncertainty |
| Inverted | Short rates above long rates; classic recession warning |
| Indicator type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Leading | Building permits, stock prices, money supply, initial jobless claims, consumer expectations |
| Coincident | GDP, industrial production, personal income, non-farm payrolls |
| Lagging | Unemployment rate, CPI, prime rate, average duration of unemployment |
| Fed tool | Effect |
|---|---|
| Open market operations | The day-to-day tool; buying securities adds reserves, selling drains them |
| Discount rate | What the Fed charges banks directly |
| Fed funds rate | What banks charge each other overnight; the Fed targets it, it does not set it |
| Reserve requirements | A blunt tool, and set to zero percent since March 2020 |
Loosen by cutting rates and buying securities. Tighten by raising rates and selling securities.
Taxes
Capital Gains, 2026
| Holding period | Rate |
|---|---|
| One year or less | Ordinary income rates |
| More than one year | 0%, 15%, or 20% |
| Collectibles | Up to 28% |
| Filing status | 0% up to | 15% up to | 20% above |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single | $49,450 | $545,500 | $545,500 |
| Married filing jointly | $98,900 | $613,700 | $613,700 |
| Head of household | $66,200 | $579,600 | $579,600 |
Add the 3.8% net investment income tax above modified AGI of $200,000 single or $250,000 joint, which puts the top effective long-term rate at 23.8%.
Rules That Get Tested Every Time
Wash sale. A loss is disallowed if a substantially identical security is bought within 30 days before or after the sale, a 61-day window in total. The disallowed loss is added to the basis of the replacement shares and the holding period carries over. Calls and convertible bonds on the same stock can count as substantially identical; a bond of a different issuer does not.
Cost basis methods. FIFO by default, specific identification if elected at the time of sale, average cost for mutual fund shares.
Gifted versus inherited securities. This pair is a reliable exam question.
| Gifted | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Cost basis | Donor's basis carries over (with a special rule if the market value at gift is lower) | Stepped up to fair market value at date of death |
| Holding period | Donor's holding period carries over | Automatically long-term regardless of actual holding |
The 2026 annual gift tax exclusion is $19,000 per recipient, and the basic estate and gift exclusion is $15 million.
Municipal interest is federally exempt, state-exempt in the issuing state, and any capital gain is always taxable. Original issue discount on a muni is accreted annually and that accretion is treated as tax-exempt interest; market discount is ordinary income.
Non-qualified annuities distribute on a LIFO basis, so earnings come out first and are ordinary income. The exclusion ratio determines the tax-free return-of-premium portion once annuitized.
Prohibited Practices
| Practice | What it is |
|---|---|
| Churning | Excessive trading to generate commissions |
| Front running | Trading ahead of a known block order |
| Painting the tape | Trades among colluding parties to fake activity |
| Matched orders | Prearranged offsetting buys and sells |
| Marking the close | Trading at the close to influence the closing price |
| Pump and dump | Inflating a price then selling into it |
| Insider trading | Trading on material non-public information |
| Selling away | Private securities transactions without firm approval |
| Unauthorized trading | Trading without consent or written discretion |
| Guaranteeing | Promising a customer against loss; never permitted |
| Breakpoint sale | Steering a purchase just below a breakpoint |
| Freeriding | Selling before paying for a cash-account purchase |
Information barriers, the term that replaced "Chinese wall," separate investment banking from trading and research so that material non-public information cannot cross. Firms must maintain and enforce written policies, watch lists, and restricted lists.
Sharing in a customer account requires prior written approval from both the customer and the firm, and the registered representative's participation must be proportionate to their capital contribution. The narrow exception is a joint account with an immediate family member.
Anti-Money Laundering
| Requirement | Trigger and deadline |
|---|---|
| CTR | Currency transactions exceeding $10,000 in one business day; filed within 15 days |
| SAR | Transactions of at least $5,000 that are known or suspected to be suspicious; filed within 30 calendar days of initial detection |
| SAR, no suspect identified | Up to an additional 30 days to identify a suspect, but never more than 60 days total |
| Retention | SAR and supporting documentation kept for 5 years |
| CIP | Name, date of birth, address, and taxpayer identification number, verified |
| AML program | Written policies, a designated compliance officer, ongoing training, and independent testing |
Never tell the customer a SAR was filed. Disclosure is itself a violation, and the confidentiality rule applies even to a subpoena, which the firm must decline while notifying FinCEN.
Red flags: structuring deposits just below $10,000, refusing to give identifying information, wire activity to or from high-risk jurisdictions, third-party deposits, and accounts with no apparent business purpose.
Underwriting and the Primary Market
| Commitment | Who carries the risk | Unsold securities |
|---|---|---|
| Firm commitment | Underwriter | Underwriter owns them |
| Best efforts | Issuer | Returned to the issuer |
| All or none | Issuer | The whole deal is canceled |
| Mini-max | Issuer | Canceled unless the minimum is sold |
| Standby | Underwriter | Used with rights offerings |
Sequence: due diligence, registration statement filed, a cooling-off period of at least 20 days, red herring circulated (indications of interest only, no sales, no price), effective date, then the final prospectus with the price.
During the cooling-off period you may not send research, advertising, or a sales confirmation. You may send a preliminary prospectus and take non-binding indications of interest.
| Syndicate role | Function | Paid |
|---|---|---|
| Managing underwriter | Runs the deal, allocates, may stabilize | Management fee |
| Syndicate member | Commits to a portion of the issue | Underwriting spread |
| Selling group | Sells only, takes no underwriting risk | Selling concession |
Stabilization may be entered at or below the public offering price and never above it. Only the managing underwriter may stabilize, and the bid must be disclosed in the prospectus.
Money Market and Government Securities
| Instrument | Issuer | Maturity | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| T-bills | U.S. Treasury | 4, 8, 13, 17, 26, 52 weeks | Sold at a discount, no coupon |
| Commercial paper | Corporations | 270 days maximum | Unsecured, exempt from registration |
| Banker's acceptance | Banks | Up to 270 days, typically 90 | Finances international trade |
| Negotiable CD | Banks | Various | $100,000 minimum, tradable |
| Repurchase agreement | Dealers | Overnight and up | Collateralized borrowing |
| Fed funds | Banks | Overnight | Excess reserves lent between banks |
| Treasury security | Maturity | Interest |
|---|---|---|
| T-bills | Up to 52 weeks | Discount, no coupon |
| T-notes | 2 to 10 years | Semiannual coupon |
| T-bonds | 20 and 30 years | Semiannual coupon |
| TIPS | 5, 10, 30 years | Semiannual coupon on an inflation-adjusted principal |
| STRIPS | Various | Zero coupon, stripped from notes and bonds |
| Series I savings bonds | 30-year life | Accrues and compounds semiannually, paid at redemption, not currently |
Treasury interest is exempt from state and local tax but fully taxable federally, the mirror image of a municipal bond.
| Agency | Backing | Issues |
|---|---|---|
| GNMA (Ginnie Mae) | Full faith and credit of the U.S. government | Mortgage pass-throughs |
| FNMA (Fannie Mae) | No explicit federal guarantee | Mortgage-backed |
| FHLMC (Freddie Mac) | No explicit federal guarantee | Mortgage-backed |
| Federal Farm Credit | No explicit federal guarantee | Agricultural lending bonds |
Only GNMA carries the explicit full faith and credit of the United States. That single line is worth a point on most exams.
Odds and Ends That Still Show Up
These are the topics candidates skip and then meet on the exam. Each is worth about a minute of review.
Bond Quote Conventions
| Security | Quoted in | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Corporate bonds | Percentage of par, in eighths | 98 1/8 = 98.125% of par = $981.25 |
| Government notes and bonds | Percentage of par, in 32nds | 98 and 16/32 = 98.50% of par = $985.00 |
| T-bills | On a discount yield basis | A higher quoted discount rate means a lower dollar price |
| Municipal bonds | Usually on a yield (basis) basis; dollar bonds quote as a price | A 3.75 basis is a yield to maturity, not a price |
Accrued Interest Day Counts
The buyer pays the seller accrued interest from the last coupon date up to but not including settlement.
| Security | Day count |
|---|---|
| Corporate and municipal bonds | 30 days per month, 360-day year (30/360) |
| Government notes and bonds | Actual days, actual year (actual/365 or 366) |
| T-bills and zero coupons | None; they pay no periodic interest |
Settlement is T+1, so the day count runs to the business day after the trade.
Rights and Warrants
| Rights | Warrants | |
|---|---|---|
| Exercise price | Below current market | Above current market at issue |
| Life | Short, typically 30 to 45 days | Long, often years, sometimes perpetual |
| Given to | Existing shareholders, one per share | Usually attached as a sweetener to bonds or preferred |
N is the number of rights needed to buy one new share. The "+1" appears only while the stock still trades with the right attached.
ADRs
American Depositary Receipts are negotiable receipts for foreign shares held on deposit by a U.S. bank. They trade in dollars and settle domestically, dividends are declared in the foreign currency and converted, and the holder carries currency risk and typically has no voting rights and no preemptive rights. Foreign withholding tax is usually deducted at source, and a U.S. holder may claim a foreign tax credit.
CMOs
A collateralized mortgage obligation carves mortgage cash flow into tranches. Principal repays sequentially: tranche A is retired first, then B, then C. Consequences that get tested:
- Early tranches carry the least extension risk and the shortest average life.
- Prepayment risk rises when rates fall and homeowners refinance; extension risk rises when rates rise and prepayments slow.
- A PAC tranche has a companion tranche absorbing prepayment variability, so the PAC has the more predictable schedule. A TAC protects against prepayment risk only.
- Z-tranches accrue interest and pay last, so they are the most volatile.
- Interest is taxable at federal, state, and local level.
Municipal New-Issue Order Priority
Syndicate orders fill in a set order, and the mnemonic is the whole question:
- Pre-sale orders, entered before the syndicate wins the bid
- Group net orders, credited to the whole syndicate
- Designated orders, where the buyer names which members get credit
- Member orders, filled for the member's own account
Pre-sale and group net come first because they benefit the entire syndicate.
Analysis and Portfolio Concepts
| Ratio | Formula | Measures |
|---|---|---|
| EPS | Net income available to common / shares outstanding | Profitability per share |
| P/E | Price / EPS | Valuation |
| Book value per share | (Assets - liabilities - intangibles - preferred) / common shares | Liquidation floor |
| Current ratio | Current assets / current liabilities | Liquidity |
| Quick ratio (acid test) | (Current assets - inventory) / current liabilities | Immediate liquidity |
| Debt to equity | Total debt / shareholders' equity | Leverage |
| Dividend yield | Annual dividend / share price | Income return |
| Dividend payout ratio | Dividends / earnings | Share of profit distributed |
| Working capital | Current assets - current liabilities | Operating cushion |
| Outstanding shares | Issued shares - treasury stock | Denominator for EPS |
| Risk measure | Reads as |
|---|---|
| Beta | Systematic risk; above 1.0 is more volatile than the market |
| Alpha | Return beyond what beta predicted |
| Standard deviation | Total volatility |
| Sharpe ratio | Return per unit of risk; higher is better |
| Duration | Price sensitivity to interest rates; longer maturity and lower coupon mean higher duration |
Systematic risk is market risk and cannot be diversified away. Unsystematic risk is company or industry specific and can be. Correlation runs from -1 to +1, and diversification only helps to the extent assets are less than perfectly correlated.
Technical terms: support is where buying appears, resistance is where selling appears, a head and shoulders top is a bearish reversal, and a breakout through resistance on rising volume is bullish. Technical analysts study price and volume; fundamental analysts study the company.
Communications With the Public
| Category | Definition | Approval |
|---|---|---|
| Retail communication | Distributed to more than 25 retail investors in any 30 calendar days | Principal approval before first use |
| Correspondence | To 25 or fewer retail investors in any 30 calendar days | Supervision and review per written procedures |
| Institutional communication | To institutional investors only | Written procedures; no principal pre-approval required |
| Filing requirement | Timing |
|---|---|
| New member firm, retail communications | File at least 10 business days before first use, for one year from membership approval |
| Options retail communications | File at least 10 business days before first use |
| Investment company retail communications | File within 10 business days of first use |
| CMO retail communications | File within 10 business days of first use |
Prohibited in any communication: guarantees against loss, predictions or projections of performance, exaggerated or unwarranted claims, omission of material facts, and cherry-picked past performance without context. Past performance must state that it does not guarantee future results.
The Traps That Actually Cost Points
1. Debit spread max loss. It is the net premium paid, not the difference in strikes. Credit spread max gain is the net premium received. Every spread has one plain-net-premium side and one strike-difference-minus-premium side.
2. Missing a straddle's second breakeven. Two breakevens, always, and use the combined premium.
3. Reg T versus maintenance. Reg T's 50% is the initial deposit. The maintenance call comes at 25% long or 30% short. A restricted account is not a margin call.
4. SMA does not evaporate. It is a line of credit. A falling market does not erase it.
5. The ex-date is the record date. Under T+1 they are the same day. If your practice bank still says "one business day before," the practice bank is stale.
6. Short options. A naked short call has unlimited risk. A short put's risk stops at the strike minus the premium, because the stock stops at zero.
7. GO versus revenue backing. GO is taxes. Revenue is the project. A toll, a hospital fee, or a water bill is revenue backing, never a GO.
8. Municipal capital gains are taxable. The interest is federally exempt. The gain never is.
9. General partner liability is unlimited. Limited partners are capped at their investment, and lose that protection if they take part in management.
10. Form CRS page limits. Two pages for a standalone firm. Four only for a dual registrant.
11. Sales charge percentage uses POP. The denominator is the public offering price, not NAV.
12. Intrinsic value has a floor of zero. It is never negative. Out of the money means zero intrinsic value, not a negative one.
Your Final 48 Hours
Two days out. Take one full-length timed practice exam under real conditions. Then review only the questions you got wrong, and write down why you missed each one: knowledge gap, misread, or arithmetic. Three-quarters of them will be the last two, and those you can fix tonight.
The day before, until noon. Work your missed-question list and the options tables above. Nothing new. Learning a new topic in the last 24 hours displaces something you already know.
The day before, after noon. Stop. Reproduce the two-minute dump sheet from memory on a dry-erase board twice. Then close everything. Confirm your appointment time and location, put your government-issued photo ID somewhere you cannot forget it, and go to bed early. Cramming past the point of diminishing returns costs more points than it gains.
Exam morning. Eat something. Arrive 30 minutes early. Leave your phone, watch, notes, and calculator in the car or the locker, because none of them come into the room.
First two minutes. Write the dump sheet before item one.
During. Answer everything, because there is no guessing penalty. Flag and move on anything that runs past two minutes; there is always an easier item further down. On review, only change an answer if you can articulate a concrete reason, not a feeling.
You have done the work. Go collect the points you already own.
Sources
- FINRA Series 7 exam page and the Series 7 Content Outline (October 2025 posting, copyright 2025 FINRA): item counts, job-function weights, time limit, fee, and passing score
- FINRA Regulatory Notice 26-05: Rule 3220 gift limit increase to $300, effective March 30, 2026
- MSRB Rule G-20 and MSRB Notice 2026-04: gift limit increase to $300, operative June 1, 2026 for FINRA-member dealers
- MSRB Rule G-37: $250 de minimis contribution and the two-year ban
- FINRA Rule 11140 as amended for T+1, effective May 28, 2024: ex-dividend date determination
- Prometric FINRA exam policies: note boards, markers, and calculator provision
- IRS 2026 retirement plan limits and IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32: contribution limits, capital gains thresholds, gift tax exclusion
- 12 CFR Part 220 (Regulation T) and 31 CFR 1023.320 (broker-dealer SAR rule)
Good luck. Go pass it.
