Key Takeaways
- Women typically reach higher BAC than men with same consumption
- Larger body size and more muscle mass = lower BAC
- Tolerance hides visible signs but BAC is still dangerous
- Eating before drinking slows absorption; eating after doesn't help
- Alcohol amplifies emotions - watch stressed or upset customers
Last updated: January 2026
3.2 Factors Affecting Intoxication
People become intoxicated at different rates due to various factors. Understanding these helps you anticipate when a customer might need to be cut off.
Physical Factors
| Factor | Effect on Intoxication |
|---|---|
| Body weight | Larger people have more blood volume, lower BAC |
| Body composition | Higher muscle mass = lower BAC (muscle absorbs alcohol) |
| Sex | Women typically have higher BAC than men with same consumption |
| Age | Older adults process alcohol more slowly |
| Genetics | Some people lack enzymes to process alcohol effectively |
Why Women Get Intoxicated Faster
Women typically reach higher BAC levels than men with the same consumption because:
- Higher body fat percentage (fat doesn't absorb alcohol)
- Lower body water content
- Less of the enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach
- Hormonal changes during menstrual cycle
Consumption Factors
| Factor | Effect |
|---|---|
| Speed of drinking | Faster drinking = higher BAC |
| Type of drink | Carbonation speeds absorption |
| Number of drinks | More drinks = higher BAC |
| Tolerance | Heavy drinkers may SHOW fewer signs but BAC is still high |
Important: Tolerance does NOT mean safety. A person with high tolerance may appear sober but still have a dangerously high BAC.
Food and Medication
Food:
- Eating BEFORE drinking slows absorption
- Food doesn't "soak up" alcohol already in bloodstream
- Fatty, protein-rich foods are most effective
- Eating WHILE drinking helps maintain slower absorption
Medications:
- Many medications interact dangerously with alcohol
- Common interactions: sleep aids, pain relievers, antidepressants
- Even over-the-counter medications can be dangerous
- You're not expected to ask about medications, but be aware
Emotional State
Alcohol can amplify emotions:
- Sad people may become more depressed
- Angry people may become aggressive
- Anxious people may become more anxious or reckless
Watch for customers who seem:
- Stressed or upset when they arrive
- Celebrating big events (may drink quickly)
- Trying to "forget" problems
Test Your Knowledge
Why do women typically reach higher BAC levels than men with the same alcohol consumption?
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Test Your Knowledge
A regular customer who drinks heavily appears completely sober. Does this mean they are safe?
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Test Your Knowledge
When is the best time to eat to slow alcohol absorption?
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