Key Takeaways
- Interpret center, spread, distribution shape, and unusual values from tables, graphs, and summary measures.
- Choose among mean, median, standard deviation, and interquartile range based on context and distribution shape.
- Connect probability rules to counting, independence, conditional probability, and expected value.
- Understand sampling, experimental design, bias, and the difference between association and causation.
- Teaching questions often ask which representation or explanation best helps students reason from data rather than just compute.
Last updated: March 2026
Domain Strategy
Statistics and probability questions reward candidates who understand what a result means in context.
Statistics Priorities
Review:
- dot plots, histograms, box plots, scatterplots, and two-way tables
- mean, median, mode, range, interquartile range, and standard deviation
- effect of outliers on measures of center and spread
- line of best fit and residual reasoning
- sampling methods, bias, and experimental design
Probability Priorities
Review:
- simple probability and complement rules
- addition and multiplication rules
- permutations and combinations
- independent versus dependent events
- conditional probability
- expected value
Inference Mindset
Praxis questions often separate candidates who can compute from candidates who can reason. Always ask:
- Is the sample representative?
- Does the design support a causal claim or only an association?
- Is the chosen summary statistic appropriate for the distribution?
Test Your Knowledge
If a fair six-sided die is rolled once, what is the probability of rolling an even number?
A
B
C
D
Test Your Knowledge
A data set contains one very large outlier. Which measure of center is usually more resistant to that outlier?
A
B
C
D
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