ASBOG FG & PG Exam 2026: The Complete Geologist Licensure Playbook
The Association of State Boards of Geology (ASBOG) examinations are the gateway to becoming a Professional Geologist (PG) — the licensed credential required to practice geology under your own seal in 31 U.S. states and Puerto Rico. Licensed PGs sign environmental site assessments, hydrogeological reports, mining feasibility studies, slope-stability analyses, expert-witness reports, and any geologic work that affects public health and safety.
ASBOG offers two examinations that together compose the licensure path: the Fundamentals of Geology (FG) — academic-knowledge step you can sit immediately after completing your degree — and the Practice of Geology (PG) — the experience step you sit after FG plus typically 5 years of supervised geology work. Most states require BOTH for licensure.
This 2026 guide walks you through the exam end-to-end: format, the eight content domains, fees, the FG → 5-year work → PG ladder, the state-by-state licensure map (including the ~14 states that don't license geologists at all), pass rates, and a 16-week study plan. Every linked resource is 100% free.
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ASBOG FG vs PG at a Glance (2026)
| Spec | FG (Fundamentals) | PG (Practice) |
|---|---|---|
| Total questions | 140 multiple-choice | 110 multiple-choice |
| Time limit | 4 hours | 4 hours |
| Exam fee (ASBOG) | $200 | $250 |
| Proctoring fee (Prometric) | +$75 | +$75 |
| Passing standard | Scaled score of 70 (criterion-referenced) | Scaled score of 70 (criterion-referenced) |
| State application fee | $75-$300 (varies) | $75-$300 (varies) |
| First-time pass rate | ~65% | ~76% |
| When to sit | Immediately after BS in geology (or final semester) | After FG + ~5 years of supervised PG-track experience |
| Question style | Recall, identification, basic application | Scenario-based application, integration |
| Delivery | Computer-based at 500+ Prometric Test Centers | Computer-based at 500+ Prometric Test Centers |
| Annual administration | March + October each year | March + October each year |
| 2026 administration dates | March 19-20, 2026 (and October 2026) | March 19-20, 2026 (and October 2026) |
The FG is academic-knowledge — you should sit it the same year you graduate, while the names of plagioclase feldspars and the Mohs scale are still warm. The PG is experience-driven — you cannot fake five years of fieldwork, and the scenarios test integration across domains the way real consulting work does.
The 31-State Licensure Landscape (Critical to Read Before You Pay)
Geologist licensure is state-controlled, and the rules vary dramatically. 31 states + Puerto Rico use the ASBOG exams as their qualifying licensure exam. Roughly 19 states do not license geologists at all — meaning you can practice geology in those states without a PG license, though employers and federal contracts may still require ASBOG certification.
States That License Geologists Using ASBOG Exams (Both FG and PG Required)
Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, plus Puerto Rico.
These states require the same two-step ladder: pass FG → accumulate ~5 years of supervised geology experience → pass PG → become licensed. Some states allow you to sit FG without a state application (you apply directly to ASBOG); most require state-board approval before either exam.
States That Use FG but Have a State-Specific Practice Exam
A small number of states substitute their own state-written practice exam for the national PG. The most prominent is California, which administers the California Specific Test (CST) of state geology after you pass the national FG and PG. Texas and Florida also include state-specific portions for hydrogeology or environmental scientist subspecialties.
States Where Geology Licensure Is NOT Required (Approx. 19)
States without PG licensure typically include New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, Rhode Island, Michigan, Ohio, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado (limited scope), Hawaii, Montana, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and Maryland (CPG path only). Verify your specific state's current rules with its licensing board before deciding. Some states without PG licensure still maintain a Certified Professional Geologist (CPG) designation through the AIPG.
Why Sit ASBOG Even If Your State Doesn't License Geologists
Three reasons:
- Federal contracts — many federal projects (USACE, USGS, EPA, BLM) require an ASBOG-credentialed geologist to sign reports regardless of state
- Reciprocity — if you ever move to a licensure state, having ASBOG already in hand saves you 5 years
- Salary signal — ASBOG-credentialed geologists earn approximately $8,000-$15,000 more annually than uncredentialed peers in the same role, even in non-licensure states
Try a FREE ASBOG Practice Question Set
Our FREE FG/PG-style question bank covers all 8 ASBOG domains with detailed explanations.
The Eight ASBOG Content Domains (Where Your Questions Come From)
ASBOG's official Knowledge Base organizes content into eight domains, applied across both the FG and PG exams with different weights. Most candidates miss this: the PG dramatically rebalances toward Hydrogeology (22%) and Engineering Geology (18%) — together 40% of PG questions vs only 25% of FG questions.
Quick-Reference Domain Weights (FG vs PG, 2026)
| Domain | FG Weight | PG Weight |
|---|---|---|
| A — General and Field Geology | 17% | ~10% |
| B — Mineralogy, Petrology, Geochemistry | 12% | ~9% |
| C — Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Paleontology | 11% | ~10% |
| D — Geomorphology, Surficial, Quaternary | 14% | ~9% |
| E — Structure, Tectonics, Seismology | 12% | ~10% |
| F — Hydrogeology | 13% | 22% |
| G — Engineering Geology | 12% | 18% |
| H — Economic Geology, Energy Resources | 9% | ~12% |
The implication: if you pass FG and then take a 5-year break before PG, prioritize hydrogeology and engineering geology in your PG prep. They are 40% of the PG exam.
Domain A — General and Field Geology (FG 17% / PG ~10%)
The largest FG domain. ~24 FG / ~11 PG questions.
Key topics:
- Field methods — strike/dip measurement, traverse mapping, GPS waypoints
- Map interpretation — topographic maps, geologic maps, cross-sections, contour rules (V-rule for streams, three-point problems)
- Rock identification in hand sample — color, texture, mineralogy, hardness, reaction with HCl
- Geomorphic terrain recognition
- Geologic time scale — Hadean → Phanerozoic, period names and approximate ages
- Field safety, field notebooks, sampling protocols, chain of custody
Domain B — Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry (FG 12% / PG ~9%)
~17 FG / ~10 PG questions.
Key topics:
- Silicate mineral families — feldspars, micas, pyroxenes, amphiboles, olivine, quartz
- Bowen's reaction series (continuous and discontinuous branches)
- Igneous rock classification — felsic/intermediate/mafic/ultramafic; intrusive vs extrusive
- Sedimentary rocks — clastic, chemical, biochemical; grain size and sorting
- Metamorphic facies and grade indicators (chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite)
- Geochemistry basics — major/minor/trace elements, isotopes (Rb-Sr, U-Pb, K-Ar dating), Eh-pH diagrams
- Mohs hardness scale (memorize all 10)
Domain C — Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, and Paleontology (FG 11% / PG ~10%)
~15 FG / ~11 PG questions.
Key topics:
- Sedimentary structures — cross-bedding, ripple marks, graded bedding, mudcracks, bioturbation
- Depositional environments — fluvial, deltaic, beach, shelf, deep marine, eolian, glacial
- Stratigraphic principles — superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, faunal succession
- Sequence stratigraphy basics — systems tracts (LST, TST, HST), parasequences
- Index fossils and biostratigraphy — trilobites (Cambrian-Permian), graptolites (Ordovician-Silurian), ammonites (Mesozoic), foraminifera (Mesozoic-Cenozoic)
- Unconformities — angular, disconformity, nonconformity, paraconformity
Domain D — Geomorphology, Surficial Processes, and Quaternary Geology (FG 14% / PG ~9%)
~20 FG / ~10 PG questions.
Key topics:
- Weathering — physical, chemical (oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation, dissolution)
- Soil profiles (O, A, E, B, C, R horizons)
- Slope processes — rockfall, debris flow, slump, creep, landslide
- Fluvial geomorphology — meander cutoff, oxbow, braided vs meandering, terraces
- Glacial features — moraines (terminal, lateral, recessional), eskers, drumlins, kettles
- Coastal processes — longshore drift, barrier islands, beach budget
- Aeolian features — dunes, loess
- Quaternary climate framework — glacial-interglacial cycles, Pleistocene mega-faunal extinction
Domain E — Structure, Tectonics, and Seismology (FG 12% / PG ~10%)
~17 FG / ~11 PG questions.
Key topics:
- Stress and strain — brittle vs ductile deformation, principal stress axes
- Fault types — normal (extensional), reverse/thrust (compressional), strike-slip (transform), oblique
- Fold geometry — anticline, syncline, recumbent, overturned, plunging
- Joint sets and fracture analysis
- Plate-tectonic boundaries — divergent, convergent (subduction, continental collision), transform
- Seismology — P-wave, S-wave, surface waves; Richter vs moment magnitude; earthquake hazard zones
- Stereonet basics — strike/dip plotting, fold-axis determination
Domain F — Hydrogeology (FG 13% / PG 22%)
~18 FG / ~24 PG questions. The single largest domain on the PG exam — and the highest-leverage domain for environmental consulting careers.
Key topics:
- Hydrologic cycle — precipitation, infiltration, recharge, discharge, ET
- Aquifer types — confined, unconfined, perched, leaky
- Darcy's Law — Q = KIA (memorize and apply)
- Hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, storativity, specific yield
- Well hydraulics — Theis equation, Cooper-Jacob method, drawdown analysis
- Aquifer testing — slug tests, pumping tests, recovery tests
- Groundwater chemistry — TDS, hardness, anion/cation balance, Piper diagrams, Stiff diagrams
- Contaminant transport — advection, dispersion, retardation factor, NAPL behavior (LNAPL vs DNAPL)
- Regulatory framework — RCRA, CERCLA/Superfund, Safe Drinking Water Act MCLs
Domain G — Engineering Geology (FG 12% / PG 18%)
~17 FG / ~20 PG questions. The second-largest domain on the PG exam.
Key topics:
- Soil classification — USCS (Unified Soil Classification System), AASHTO
- Soil index properties — Atterberg limits (LL, PL, PI), grain-size distribution, dry density
- Slope stability — factor of safety, infinite slope analysis, Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion
- Foundation considerations — bearing capacity, settlement, expansive soils, collapsible soils
- Site characterization — boring logs, SPT N-values, CPT, geophysical methods
- Geologic hazards — landslide susceptibility, liquefaction, subsidence, sinkholes, earthquake hazard
- Rock mass classification — RQD, RMR
- Environmental site assessments — ASTM E1527 Phase I and Phase II protocols
Domain H — Economic Geology and Energy Resources (FG 9% / PG ~12%)
~13 FG / ~13 PG questions.
Key topics:
- Mineral deposit types — magmatic, hydrothermal, sedimentary (placer, evaporite, BIF), metamorphic
- Ore-forming processes — porphyry copper, VMS, MVT, SEDEX, epithermal
- Petroleum geology — source rock, reservoir, seal, trap, migration; conventional vs unconventional (shale plays)
- Coal — peat → lignite → sub-bituminous → bituminous → anthracite progression
- Geothermal resources — high-temperature volcanic vs low-temperature sedimentary basin
- Critical minerals 2026 — lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements, copper for the energy transition
- Mining environmental considerations — acid mine drainage, tailings management, reclamation
What's Different on the PG vs the FG
The FG and PG cover the same 8 domains but with completely different question styles.
FG Questions (Recall and Identification)
FG questions are typically short, recall-driven, and test foundational knowledge:
"Which of the following minerals has a hardness of 5.5 on the Mohs scale?" "In Bowen's reaction series, which mineral crystallizes at the highest temperature?" "What is the typical age of a Cambrian trilobite-bearing limestone?"
If you studied for a junior-year mineralogy or stratigraphy exam, you recognize this style.
PG Questions (Scenario-Based Integration)
PG questions present a multi-paragraph scenario and ask you to integrate across domains:
"You are conducting a Phase II ESA at a former gas station. Soil borings show 0.5 ft of fill, then 8 ft of silty sand, then 25 ft of clay till. The water table is 12 ft below grade. Free product is observed on the water table. Which contaminant transport mechanism is most likely controlling the lateral plume migration, and what monitoring well screen interval would you specify?"
PG scenarios reward consultants who have lived through similar projects. If you've sat through Phase II reports, run aquifer pumping tests, or done slope-stability analyses, the PG feels like work. If you haven't, the PG feels impossibly broad.
This is why ASBOG requires ~5 years of experience between FG and PG. Without it, the PG question style is genuinely hard to fake.
The FG → 5-Year Experience → PG Ladder Explained
Most states use this ladder:
Step 1 — Earn Your Geology Degree (BS minimum)
Most state boards require a bachelor's degree in geology, earth science, or a closely related field with at least 30 semester hours of geology coursework. Specific course requirements typically include mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, sedimentology/stratigraphy, and a field methods/field camp course. Confirm with your state board.
Step 2 — Pass the FG (Geologist-In-Training, GIT)
Apply to ASBOG (often through your state board) and sit FG. Pass and you become a Geologist-In-Training (GIT) in most states. Some states call this designation "GIT," others "Geologist Intern," others have no formal designation but allow you to use the title "Engineering Geologist" under supervision.
Step 3 — Accumulate Supervised Experience (~5 years typical)
Experience must be supervised by a licensed PG (in licensure states) or a senior geologist with equivalent credentials. "Supervised" means the senior geologist reviews and signs off on your work — not just employs you. Document every project, your role, your supervisor, and the geologic scope.
Most states require 5 years. A few accept 4 years if you have a master's; even fewer accept 3 years if you have a PhD.
Step 4 — Apply to Sit the PG
Submit experience documentation, supervisor verifications, and a project portfolio (state-dependent). Approval typically takes 8-16 weeks. Once approved, you have a 12-month window to sit PG.
Step 5 — Pass PG → Licensed PG
Pass and you receive your state PG license, your seal, and the right to sign geologic reports. Annual renewal typically requires 8-15 hours of continuing education and a $100-$300 renewal fee.
Pass Rates Reality Check
ASBOG publishes pass rates by exam and administration. The 2024-2025 averages:
| Exam | First-Time Pass Rate | All-Attempt Pass Rate |
|---|---|---|
| FG | ~65% | ~58% |
| PG | ~76% | ~70% |
Why FG is harder for many candidates than PG. Counterintuitive, but most candidates take FG when their academic content is fresh — and yet 35% fail. The reason: FG breadth. A field-focused geology student may have spent two semesters on structural geology and only one on hydrogeology, but FG hits all 8 domains roughly evenly. Hydrogeology, engineering geology, and economic geology are the three FG sections most commonly under-studied by recent BS graduates.
Why PG pass rates are higher. Self-selection. By the time someone has 5 years of supervised geology work, they tend to be employed at firms that fund prep, and they have applied at least 4-5 of the 8 domains in their daily work. PG candidates also tend to take exam prep more seriously because passing PG triggers a 15-25% salary jump.
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Your 16-Week FREE ASBOG (FG-Focused) Study Plan
| Week | Focus Domain | Hours | Tasks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1-2 | Domain A — General/Field Geology | 12 | Topo + geologic map exercises, three-point problems, time scale memorization |
| 3-4 | Domain B — Mineralogy/Petrology/Geochemistry | 12 | Silicate families, Bowen's series, IUGS classification triangles |
| 5-6 | Domain C — Sedimentology/Stratigraphy/Paleontology | 12 | Depositional environments + index fossil flashcards |
| 7-8 | Domain D — Geomorphology/Surficial/Quaternary | 10 | Slope process matrix, glacial feature ID, soil horizons |
| 9-10 | Domain E — Structure/Tectonics/Seismology | 12 | Stereonet practice, fault classification, seismic wave behavior |
| 11-12 | Domain F — Hydrogeology | 14 | Darcy practice, well-hydraulics calculations, contaminant transport |
| 13 | Domain G — Engineering Geology | 8 | USCS classification, slope stability formulas, Phase I ESA workflow |
| 14 | Domain H — Economic Geology/Energy | 8 | Deposit-type matrix, petroleum trap types, critical minerals |
| 15 | First full-length 140-question timed mock | 6 | Score by domain, identify the bottom 2 domains |
| 16 | Bottom-2 domain re-drill + second full mock | 8 | Final review and pace check |
Total prep: 110-130 hours over 16 weeks. Recent BS graduates often pass with 80 hours; career-switchers or geology grads who've been out of school 5+ years routinely need 150+ hours.
Free and Low-Cost ASBOG Resources
- ASBOG All Domains Knowledge Base (asbog.org PDF) — the official content outline, free download, the single most important free resource
- ASBOG Sample Questions — published periodically by ASBOG; reflect actual question style
- Iowa State University ASBOG prep materials — free university-hosted study guides
- AEG (Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists) — discussion forums, occasional free webinars
- Mometrix free practice tests — useful for question-style familiarity
- OpenExamPrep ASBOG Practice Bank — Start FREE ASBOG Practice — unlimited AI-generated questions across all 8 domains
Books Worth Buying
- REG Review Manual for the FG by REG Review — the most popular FG-specific prep book
- Manual of Mineralogy (Klein/Dutrow) — the reference for Domain B
- Fetter's Applied Hydrogeology — the standard for Domain F
- Plummer/Carlson Physical Geology — broad FG-level review
ASBOG Fees: True 2026 Cost Breakdown
| Item | Cost |
|---|---|
| FG application fee (ASBOG) | $200 |
| PG application fee (ASBOG) | $250 |
| Prometric proctoring fee per exam | $75 |
| State board application fee | $75-$300 (state-dependent) |
| State board annual license fee (after passing) | $100-$300/year |
| State application processing fees (some states) | $50-$150 |
| Background check (some states, e.g., CA) | $30-$60 |
| Total minimum FG-only first attempt | ~$350-$650 |
| Total minimum PG-only first attempt | ~$400-$700 |
| Lifetime cost (FG + 5 yr + PG + 30 yr renewals) | ~$5,000-$10,000 |
Insider note: Many state boards require you to apply to THEM (not directly to ASBOG) for both exams. The state then forwards your eligibility to ASBOG. Read your specific state's licensing-board website carefully.
PG Salary in 2026
Licensed Professional Geologists earn substantially more than uncredentialed geologists. 2026 BLS, AGI, and AEG compensation surveys converge on these ranges:
| Role | US Median Salary 2026 |
|---|---|
| Entry-level geologist (no FG) | $55,000-$70,000 |
| Geologist-In-Training (FG passed) | $65,000-$85,000 |
| Mid-career PG (5-10 yrs licensed) | $90,000-$120,000 |
| Senior PG (10-20 yrs) | $115,000-$150,000 |
| Principal PG / Practice Lead | $140,000-$200,000+ |
| Hydrogeology specialty premium | +10-15% |
| Petroleum/mining specialty premium (cycle-dependent) | +20-40% |
Certification ROI: Passing FG typically triggers a $5,000-$8,000 raise within the same firm. Passing PG and earning your state license typically triggers a $15,000-$30,000 raise plus eligibility for principal/partner tracks at consulting firms.
Geographic premium: PGs in California, Texas, Pennsylvania (Marcellus shale work), Colorado, and Alaska tend to earn 10-20% above national medians.
Test-Day Strategy
The Day Before
- Reread the ASBOG Knowledge Base topic outlines — your goal is to confirm there's no domain you've totally skipped
- Reread your Bowen's reaction series cheat sheet and Mohs hardness scale — guaranteed easy points
- Reread your Darcy's Law worked examples and contaminant transport notes — guaranteed Domain F questions
- Sleep 8 hours. Bring two forms of ID. Eat a real breakfast (4 hours of focus is taxing)
During the 4 Hours (FG: 140 Qs in 240 minutes = ~1.7 min/Q)
- First pass (~150 minutes): answer everything you know quickly. Flag anything taking >2 minutes
- Second pass (~60 minutes): return to flagged. Eliminate two wrong answers, then pick the most precise
- Final pass (~30 minutes): review every flagged question. Change an answer only if you have a specific reason
Pacing rule: at the 60-minute mark you should have ~50 questions answered or flagged. At 120 minutes, ~100. If you're behind, accelerate by guessing flagged questions (no negative marking).
Calculation Question Strategy
Most FG/PG calculation questions use simple inputs and round numbers (Darcy's Q = KIA, slope-stability factor of safety, mineral percentages). Set up the equation, plug in, then sanity-check the magnitude. If your answer is 1,000× off any of the four choices, you used the wrong unit (inch vs foot, cm vs m, day vs year). Convert and recompute.
Retake Policy
If you fail FG or PG, ASBOG allows unlimited retakes. There is no formal waiting period beyond the next administration window (March or October). Most states permit you to re-sit at the next administration without re-applying through the state, though you do pay ASBOG and PSI fees again.
Failed candidates receive a domain-by-domain score report. Use it. Most second-attempt candidates pass because they target the bottom two domains.
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Common ASBOG Mistakes (And How to Avoid Them)
Mistake 1: Skipping Domain F (Hydrogeology) Because You Hated It in School
Hydrogeology is 13% of FG (~18 questions) and 22% of PG (~24 questions) — the largest single domain on the PG exam. Even if you plan to be a hard-rock geologist, master Darcy's Law, well hydraulics, and contaminant transport basics. Skipping Domain F caps your PG ceiling at ~78% before you start.
Mistake 2: Memorizing Without Mapping
ASBOG questions reward integration. "This stratigraphic unit, in this tectonic setting, with this groundwater flow regime" — multi-domain scenarios. Build cross-domain connections in your notes (e.g., Karst → Domain C limestone deposition + Domain D sinkholes + Domain F secondary porosity + Domain G subsidence hazard).
Mistake 3: Ignoring the State Application Step
In most licensure states, you cannot apply directly to ASBOG — you apply through your state board, who then forwards eligibility to ASBOG. Missing your state's deadline (typically 60-90 days before the exam) means waiting 6 months for the next administration.
Mistake 4: Underestimating Field-Camp Content (Domain A)
Domain A is 17% of FG (~24 questions) and includes contour V-rules, three-point problems, strike/dip from outcrop drawings, and basic stereonet plotting. These are practical-skill questions, not memorization. Practice them with paper, pencil, and a protractor.
Mistake 5: Confusing FG with PG Format
FG is recall; PG is scenario-integration. Studying for PG with FG-style flashcards leaves you unprepared for the multi-paragraph PG scenarios. Once you pass FG, switch your prep to ESA reports, aquifer-test analyses, and slope-stability case studies.
Mistake 6: Believing You Can Skip the PG
A few candidates think "FG-only" is enough because they want to work in industry without sealing reports. This is a career-limiting move. Federal projects, expert-witness work, and senior consulting roles routinely require the full PG license, not just FG.
ASBOG vs Other Geology Credentials
| Credential | Issuer | Cost | Format | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASBOG FG + PG (state PG license) | ASBOG + state | ~$700 + state | 250 Qs total | Practicing geology under your own seal |
| CPG (Certified Professional Geologist) | AIPG | $250 + dues | Application + ethics review | Geologists in non-licensure states |
| PE Civil/Geotechnical | NCEES | $375 | 8-hr exam | Geotech engineers (different scope) |
| PG specialty certifications (Hydrogeologist, Engineering Geologist) | AIPG/AEG | $100-$300 | Portfolio review | Senior PGs with specialty focus |
ASBOG is the license; CPG is a professional designation (often used in non-licensure states). PE is for engineers, not geologists. Specialty certifications are layered on top of an existing PG license.
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Official Resources
- ASBOG official site — exam dates, registration, candidate handbook
- ASBOG Knowledge Base PDF — the official content outline (free)
- ASBOG Application Process — registration steps
- AIPG (American Institute of Professional Geologists) — CPG designation, professional membership
- AEG (Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists) — practice resources
- Your state geology licensing board — application deadlines and state-specific rules